     Universal Dataflow and TelecommunicationsArchive - Historical MaterialIssue #25 - Summer 1994Havana: Workshop and Open Session to Focus on Telelcommunications and the InternetTelecommunications Options Workshop (Full Day)The UDT Core Programme in conjunction with the Section on Information Technology, the Section on Social Science Libraries and the Section on Science and Technology Libraries has organized a one-day workshop entitled "Telecommunications Options for the 90's" to take place during the Havana conference on Thursday, August 25, 1994. The workshop is intended to introduce libraries in Latin America and the Caribbean to the vast information resources that are available via the Internet and provide them with information on the various telecommunications options that can be used to access these resources. As parts of Latin America may lack the networking infrastructure present throughout North America, the workshop will also focus on the networking options such as satellite-based communications and packet radio that can be applied in the Latin American environment. A panel discussion planned for the afternoon session will focus on implementation issues and problems associated with setting up networks in these areas. Participants in the panel will include networking experts as well as representatives from organizations working to establish operational networks in Latin America and the Caribbean. The workshop will take place in PABEXPO, an exhibition hall adjacent to the Havana conference site. Organizers are also hoping that equipment will be available to allow hands-on demonstrations of the Internet resources tools. Participants will also receive Information packets containing bibliographies, useful network addresses, guides, and diskettes of freely available software. For more information, including a list of speakers, readers are referred to the information and registration sheet at the back of this issue. OPEN SESSION - "NEW COMMUNICATIONS OPTIONS IN USE: FOCUS ON SOCIAL SCIENCES." The Section on Information Technology and the Section on Social Science Libraries have planned the following Open Session for the Havana Conference. Speakers:
Networked Information Resource Discovery StudyThe growth of the Internet over the past two years, whether measured in the amount and quality of information available or in the number of users accessing these resources, has been spectacular. Users attempting to find relevant information on the Internet face a number of challenges. The UDT Core Programme is conducting, in conjunction with the National Library of Canada, a study to investigate the state- of-the-art of "network resource discovery" tools that are being used to access the wealth of information currently available globally on the Internet and the challenges of resource discovery in a highly distributed electronic environment.The study will be a critical investigation into the nature of the resource discovery problem, and the growth and use of tools such as World Wide Web, Wide-Area Information Services (WAIS), Archie, and Gopher as being initial attempts to deal with this problem. As providing access to information is a vital component of a library services, it is essential that librarians have a critical understanding of the uses and limitations of these tools. Without careful attention to information managment, a skill central to librarianship, this vast electronic resource that continues to rapidly increase in size and complexity risks becoming an inaccessible information wasteland. The final report for this study will be made available to the international library community as Report #6 in the UDT Series on Data Communication Technologies and Standards for Libraries. It is hoped that this study will provide the international library community with pragmatic approaches to accessing this evolving nformation resource. International Standards Groups meet in NorwayISO TC46/SC4/WG4Working Group 4 of ISO Technical Committee 46, Subcommittee 4 (TC46/SC4/WG4) met in Oslo , Norway on March 9-10, 1994 to review amendments to the Search and Retrieve (SR) Protocol Standard. Working Group 4 is responsible for the development and maintenance of the SR and Interlibrary Loan (ILL) standards. (Note: An introduction to the Z39.50/SR Information Retrieval protocol standard also appears in this issue). Over the past two years the group has been drafting amendments to SR and resolving ISO ballot comments on these amendments. Many of the amendments are additional capabilities that synchronize SR with version 3 of Z39.50, the NISO Information Retrieval Standard. Examples of these capabilities include segmentation or records, sorting of result sets, support for extended services and an Explain database. Z39.50 version 3 is expected to be approved as a NISO standard in 1994. At the Oslo meeting, the German delegate, supported by the other European representatives, proposed that instead of having two separate but very similar standards for information retrieval, i.e. SR and Z39.50, only one be used by the library community. Too much effort is being spent on updating SR to conform to Z39.50. It would be more expedient to adopt a new version of SR which is virtually identical to Z39.50 version 3. The U.S. and Canadian representatives supported this proposal and Sally McCallum, the convenor of WG4, will bring this to the attention of NISO and ISO. Issues of copyright and sale of the standards documents will have to be resolved by these organizations. If an agreement is reached between NISO and ISO, SR version 2 (Z39.50 version 3) will go through a fast track ballot process within ISO. In the meantime, the Europeans are encouraged to contribute to the Z39.50 Implementors' Group (ZIG) electronic discussions and send delegates to the ZIG meetings to ensure that European interests are addressed within the standard. It was also suggested that members lobby their national standards bodies to support the proposal as some national standards groups may resist the adoption of an American standard even though European manufacturers are proceeding with the development of Z39.50 products. It was also agreed that amendments proposed for SR that are not in Z39.50 version 3 will be discussed within the ZIG for inclusion in Z39.50 version 4. As this new version of SR is not expected to be approved until the summer of 1995 at the earliest, all amendments currently being balloted as Draft International Standards (DIS's) will not be withdrawn, however, no new amendments will be submitted for DIS balloting. These changes to the progressing of SR in no way affect the ILL protocol standard. Another controversial item was Extended Services within Z39.50, particularly for Item Order which permits Z39.50 to be used to order a document. Many of the European delegates were concerned about the cross over between the Z39.50 and the ILL protocol. Scenarios were reviewed which clarified that Item Order lends itself best to commercial document ordering services and ILL to library environments where the library maintains control over the ILL transaction. International Forum on Open Bibliographic Systems (IFOBS) A review of the future direction of IFOBS was the primary focus of the March 11 meeting of IFOBS. IFOBS was formed in 1988 by the National Library of Canada to encourage dialogue on issues pertaining to the international use of bibliographic protocols. A considerable amount of effort and time has been spent over the past few years on formal International Standardized Profile (ISP) development for the ILL and Search and Retrieve (SR) protocol standards. Work on specific profile parts which make up the ILL and SR ISPs has been done in cooperation with the European Workshop on Open Systems (EWOS) Expert Group on Libraries (EG-LIB) which shares in the development of the various profiles parts. This focus by IFOBS has been at the expense of its primary mandate which is to review and resolve issues relating to the implementation of open protocols for bibliographic networking. IFOBS, with input from the EG-LIB members present, agreed that it will no longer develop profile specifications but would continue to review profiles developed by EG-LIB. EG-LIB would assume responsibilities for the IFOBS profiles. Review of all the profiles by IFOBS would allow for continued input of IFOBS expertise and promote international harmonization of the profiles. The mandate of IFOBS will be revised and the National Library of Canada will put up a listserv on the Internet to facilitate communication among IFOBS members. Norway will provide an ftp (file transfer) server for documents. IFOBS members also reported on various standards-related projects ongoing in their organizations. The British Library has initiated a project to develop a Z39.50/SR interface to the British Library OPAC systems. The ARTTel loan requesting system has been upgraded to allow faster processing of requests and the Adonis system is being used to process most requests received by the ART system. As well, a trial electronic document delivery system has been successfully implemented between the British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC) and the University of East Anglia (UBA). the system uses the Group on Electronic Document Interchange (GEDI) recommendations for document description and is using X.400 over TCP/IP as the transmission protocol. The Library of Congress has developed Z39.50 based software to provide access to the Books File and the Name Authority File and further Z39.50 based development activities are planned. The National Library of Canada reported on various initiatives including. the development of their bibliographic information management systems AMICUS which will be searchable using Z39.50/SR client software. The next meeting of IFOBS will coincide with the next meeting of ISO TC46/SC4/WG4 which is tentatively scheduled for December 1994. IRIS: Database Searching and Document Ordering in IrelandIRIS is a database searching and document ordering service for libraries and business users in Ireland provided by invisibly linking six distributed library databases. The service is initially based on the libraries of Dublin City University, Eolas, Trinity College Dublin, University College Dublin, University College Galway, and the University of Limerick. The service has been in operation from March 10th, 1994.Background IRIS was begun in 1990 as a recommended approach to the future of library resource sharing and interlending in Ireland. In the absence of a union catalogue in Ireland, libraries depend heavily on the resources of the British Library to service their interlending requirements. In 1991 some 85% of Irish interlending traffic was with BLDSC. There was a desire, therefore, to seek a solution which would exploit more fully the resources of Irish libraries. A proposal for funding to the Commission of the European Communities was approved under the Telematique programme in April 1992. The Telematique programme is funded under the European Regional Development Fund and is aimed at the development of advanced telecommunications services for SMEs. Telematique require 50% co-funding from the participant libraries. The deadline for the completion of projects under the Telematique programme was the end of December 1993. By mid 1992, it had become apparent that the technical architecture would have to be a client-server based system. A feasibility study was conducted to investigate the business and technical options and the viability of these options in terms of the time and financial constraints. Based on the results of the feasibility study, the decision to proceed was made in November 1992. The libraries operate a diverse range of systems software and hardware platforms: Dynix (using two different platforms) at three of the sites; ORACLE on a Novell network; BLCMP on a Data General MV9500; URICA on a McDonnell Douglas Series 19. Access to each of these databases is available at present over the Irish academic network HEANET but is constrained by the necessity to understand the protocols and search algorithms that apply to the individual databases. As a result, resource sharing is minimal. Through IRIS remote access to the databases is available in a single search, access to a Table of Contents service is provided and online access to a document delivery service utilizing local resources is in place, IRIS also allows the user to consult information resources worldwide through the IRIS/UnCover partnership arrangement. The Denver based UnCover Company provides current awareness services, based on the table of contents of over 14,000 titles. With over 4,000,000 journal articles it is the largest online database of its kind. The Service - facilities IRIS provides the following facilities:
The service - the technical implementation The basis of the technical implementation is:
IRIS - the future IRIS is a strategic development for Irish libraries both in terms of resource management and innovative technology implementation. The resources of the libraries of higher education institutions are made available to each other, to libraries generally and especially to the business user. Among the advantages to the libraries is the potential for income generation, profile raising among the business and wider community and resource utilization. Implementing a client-server architecture provides the basis for an expandable distributed national or international database and provides a gateway to other services. To the libraries, an important consideration is that an infrastructure is now in place to take advantage of developments in electronic document delivery. IRIS was launched in the Long Room in Trinity College on the 10th March, 1994 by the Minister for Transport, Energy and Communications, Mr. Brian Cowen. Further information is available from: Annette Kelly, Project Manager,The Library Council, 53/54 Upper Mount Street, Dublin 2.
Telephone: 01 6761167/6761963 Extending Internet Mail with MIMEElectronic mail (email) is one of the most widely used services on the Internet. However the Internet mail protocol, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), is limited in that only text formatted in US-ASCII can be transmitted. This means that users are unable to send documents with complex formatting, graphics, audio files or text in most non-english languages as part of an email message.A potential solution to this problem lies in the implementation of the Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions or MIME (1). The extensions to SMTP will allow multipart, multi-character set, multi-media files to be transmitted as part of an email message. Messages based on the MIME extensions will preserve their structure, may contain image/voice/movie and other binary files, will not require manual decoding of attachments by the user, and may contain rich text bodies with bold, italics, underlining and other font changes. Why is MIME Needed? SMTP is the protocol used by host systems to send email across the world-wide Internet. SMTP is both very simple and very popular. However, it is SMTP's simplicity that resulted in the need for MIME. SMTP is based on 7-bit ASCII format documents. This allows SMTP mail messages to pass between a variety of computers with different operating systems and still be received in a readable format. However binary format files such as program executables, word processor files, graphic images, and audio formats cannot be transmitted. The SMTP protocol simply unable to handle email messages in binary (8 bit-length) format. The limitations of SMTP has resulted in considerable frustration among Internet users. Users cannot send files as attachments to other host systems. Sending binary files such as word processed documents, graphics, voice or any other data, is simply out of the question unless you convert the file to an ASCII format and are willing to sacrifice formatting and any graphics associated with the document. Features of MIME MIME is not a new protocol in the formal sense that it would require users to implement new email software in order to acquire MIME's functionality, It is, however, a standard way of exchanging multimedia mail messages that is backward compatible with all SMTP mailers. MIME specifies a standard way to encode and attach files and messages to SMTP mail messages. In fact, all MIME messages, even if they contain full-motion video and audio highlights, will be sent through the Internet as a completely printable 7-bit ASCII file (2). MIME is also compatible across multiple platforms. As MIME preserves the binary format of the file, a user can send a DOS-based file to an Apple Macintosh user without having to worry about converting it to ASCII text beforehand. Also, the following types of files can be attached:
Integrating MIME MIME was designed to be added to existing email systems and also to be integrated into email systems in the development stage. It operates by adding several new descriptive lines to a message. These new lines describe a message's content type, content encoding, unique ID and format. All of these new lines appear after the standard SMTP header information and are parsed by a MIME-compliant email system. Because these new fields do not affect the standard header, MIME messages are still valid SMTP messages that can be handled by all SMTP mailers (2). There are already quite a few MIME-compliant mailers available and more being developed. However, because MIME is in the public domain and no one makes any direct money off of the standard itself, commercial developers have been slow to adopt it. However, this situation is changing as developers realize that they can add cross-platform, multi- media email to their applications by adding a few parsing statements to their programs. Future of MIME As with most technological changes, MIME holds great promise for the future. MIME will likely be enhanced to support:
Library Applications for MIME Libraries and document suppliers have expressed an interest in using MIME to deliver both interlibrary loan requests and supply the documents electronically. MIME would allow the electronic image of a scanned documents to be delivered over the Internet, as an alternative to delivery of the paper copy via post or fax. MIME could also be used to transmit EDI-structured messages over the Internet. This would allow libraries and their partners in the book and serials industry to conduct business via the Internet, As we move into a multi-media environment, the benefits of using the MIME extensions to easily send documents in a variety of formats across the hall or across continents are endless. References 1. Borenstein, Nathaniel S. (1992). Internet Multimedia mail with MIME: Emerging Standards for Interoperability. Upper layers, Architectures and Applications. (ed. G. Neufeld and B. Platner) North Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers 2. Mark Thacker (1992) MIME: Multi-media Across the Internet. Benchmarks 13(8) October 1992. Note: This article is available from the articles database of CCNEWS, the Electronic Forum for Campus Computing Newsletter Editors, a BITNET-based service of EDUCOM (E-mail- CCNEWS@EDUCOM). Z39.50 and Information Retrieval Tool Kit SoftwareThis article was written by Fay Turner of the National Library of Canada. It was published in the February 1994 issue of FELITICER published by the Canadian Library Association. It is reprinted here with permission from the publisher.Librarians are faced daily with the challenge of searching and retrieving information from an ever-increasing number of databases. All types of databases, not just bibliographic ones, are readily available through campus networks, regional networks and the Internet. These networks, and in particular, the Internet, are changing the way libraries support bibliographic services by providing access to information that extends beyond the walls of any one library. A library's information resources now include those of other libraries and information providers. Through the Internet, libraries can access hundreds of on-line public access catalogues and commercial information services located around the world. These sources of networked information can be used to support a variety of library activities such as interlibrary loan, acquisitions, cataloguing and reference. While access to the systems containing this plethora of information is usually straightforward, searching the multitude of databases can be complicated and confusing. Each system has its own complicated logon sequence, command language and search procedures. There are even inconsistent methods of access to databases within the same system. Some commercial systems even require the use of separate terminals. Training in database searching for library workers and their clients has therefore become an important but time consuming activity. However, given the number of systems and databases now available, a searcher can only become an expert in a select few. All these obstacles limit the value of networked information resources. In the current climate of diminishing library budgets, libraries are turning to each other and commercial suppliers to supplement their own collections and information stores. Resource sharing allows libraries not only to continue but potentially improve the level of services supported. However, searching and information retrieval needs to be made easier and more efficient if libraries are to better manage their resources and respond to the information demands of their clients. Search and Retrieve Protocol Standards The Z39.50 protocol standard was developed to overcome the problems associated with multiple database searching. Approved by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1992, the Z39.50 Information Retrieval Standard provides uniform procedures for the search and retrieval of records from remote databases. A similar standard called the Search and Retrieve (SR) Standard has been approved by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). SR is a compatible subset of the Z39.50 Standard and will interwork with systems based on Z39.50. The ANSI Z39.50 standard and the ISO SR standard (hereafter referred to jointly as the Information Retrieval or IR standard), are application layer protocol standards within the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model. As such, IR permits library systems that run on different hardware and use different software to exchange messages and data for the purpose of information retrieval. The standard specifies how the searcher's system and the system containing the databases will communicate. It provides a mechanism for defining the data to be exchanged, the format of the search query, the number of records to be returned, and the status of the search. The standard's underlying model corresponds to the client- server model of computing. In IR, the client is known as the "Origin" and is that part of the system which performs all the functions related to initiating a search and requesting the return of records. The IR server is known as the "Target". It interfaces with the remote system housing the database(s) and responds to messages received from the "Origin" system, such as providing records that correspond to the search query. One of the outstanding advantages of using the IR standard is that it does not require the searcher to be familiar with the details of the standard. The searcher's Origin system, and not the searcher, is responsible for establishing the connection to the Target system, formulating the query according to the IR standard, interpreting the results in a format familiar to the searcher, keeping track of the results, terminating a search session, etc. In fact, the searcher would only have to know one set of commands to search both the local catalogue as well as remote library catalogues. The implementation or IR eliminates the need for separate terminals to connect to different systems, expertise in the unique command languages of several systems and training in the use each system. The IR standard can be used to support a wide range of library functions that require database searching, from cataloguing to interlibrary loan to reference. While the current version of IR is designed for searching bibliographic data, work is underway to provide extensions that allow the searching of other types of data such as full text and images. Even though both the ANSI Z39.50 and ISO SR are approved standards, they are still evolving. Amendments are being drafted to provide additional and enhanced functionality to match the sophisticated capabilities of existing information retrieval systems. The U.S. and international groups responsible for developing the standards work to ensure that future versions of the Z39.50 and SR standards will remain be compatible with each other and with existing versions.. It should be noted that although IR provides mechanisms for searching and retrieving data, it has nothing to say about the user interface of the Origin system, the structure of the database engine at the Target system, nor the communication service used to transmit protocol messages other than the need for a communication association between the Origin system and the Target system. Implementation Activities in the U.S. and Europe Over the past three years there has been considerable Z39.50 implementation activity in the U.S. A large and active Z39.50 Implementors Group (ZIG) meets quarterly to discuss implementation issues and draft new versions of the Z39.50 standard. Version 3 is close to completion. Approximately 30 implementations of Z39.50 already exist and many more are being planned. Implementations include those by library software vendors (NOTIS, Data Research), bibliographic utilities (OCLC, RLG), the academic community (Dartmouth College, University of California) and the commercial sector (Chemical Abstracts). In Europe, where international ISO standards are favoured over ANSI standards, the SR protocol has been implemented by key bibliographic institutions in Germany, the U.K. and the Netherlands. Six institutions in Norway, Denmark, Finland and Sweden are part of an SR network called the Nordic SR- net project. Other implementations are being planned in Europe as part of the European Commission's Library Programme. Implementation Activities in Canada Until recently, awareness of the IR standard was not as great in Canada as in the U.S. or Europe and only one or two libraries has IR-based systems. The National Library of Canada recognized that Canadian libraries wishing to take advantage of the plethora of available information sources would benefit from systems that used the IR standard to simplify database searching. To stimulate Canadian implementation of IR, the National Library initiated in July 1992 the Search and Retrieve Protocol Implementation Project. For this project, the National Library contracted with Software Kinetics Limited for the development of generic software for the SR and Z39.50 Origin and Target. The contract also included the development of system interfaces that would allow the software to be used in different systems environments. The software was to be placed in the public domain for experimentation and adaptation by software developers. By making IR software freely available, the National Library would be helping software developers to overcome some of the costs and risks associated with implementing new technology. The project would facilitate the implementation of IR products and increase the awareness of IR and its potential uses. To ensure that the project met the needs of users and vendors, the National Library created of the Canadian Search and Retrieve Interest Group (CANSIG). CANSIG, whose members included Canadian software vendors and representatives from academic, public and special libraries, contributed to the project by reviewing specification documents and testing prototype software. Their contributions helped to ensure the widest applicability of the software. IR Software Components The IR software was completed in September 1993 and placed on two computers, one at the National Library of Canada the other at the Nova Scotia Technical Network (NSTN) for downloading using the Internet's file transfer protocol (FTP). Users are granted a royalty-free non-exclusive licence to use, modify reproduce and even sell the software if they so wish. The software consists of the following components:
All the software components are available in executable form as well as in C source code. Complete documentation, including design specifications, the CanSearch User Manual, installation instructions, etc., is also available online. Implementations The release of the National Library's IR software triggered a quick and positive response from libraries and software vendors around the world. Many organizations are seriously evaluating the software or have already decided to use it as the basis for their implementation of either SR or Z39.50. In Canada alone, the following firms are committed to using the software: ABall Software, Geac, ISM Library Information Services and MultiLIS (Sobeco Ernst & Young). Other implementors include SLS (Information Systems) Ltd. in the U.K., Washington University Medical School and Virginia Tech in the U.S., and the National Technological Library of Denmark. The IR software has also been implemented as an integral feature of AMICUS, the National Library's new system. As of April 1, 1994 users will be able to search AMICUS using a Z39.50 Origin system. (Note: Since this article was written in January 1994, the implementation date for the AMICUS system has been moved to the fall of 1994). The National Library is committed to supporting the IR software for a one year and has already made corrections to minor errors found in the software. An electronic mail discussion list has been created to enable implementors, the National Library and Software Kinetics to exchange messages concerning software problems, fixes, issues, etc. Conclusion The IR standard is an essential tool for effective database searching. The positive response to the National Library's IR software indicates that the Library has been successful in generating interest in the IR standard and in encouraging its incorporation into library systems in Canada and abroad. However, the goal of universal support for the information retrieval standard still has a long way to go. A large number of IR-based systems need to exist for libraries to fully experience the benefits of IR. This includes both Origin systems used by the searcher and Target systems that interface with the information database system. While the National Library's strategy for promoting IR in Canada resulted in its incorporation by some key system vendors and information providers (e.g. Geac and ISM), there are many vendors who are reluctant to pursue IR implementation because they are unaware of the standard or do not wish to develop a product for an uncertain market. Libraries can change this by educating themselves and system vendors of the benefits of IR, encouraging vendors to implement IR, and making IR a mandatory requirement for new systems. Libraries need to play an active role in promoting IR if they are to benefit from the efficiencies promised by the IR standard. For information about the National library's IR software and how it can be obtained, please contact: Fay Turner Information Technology Services National Library of Canada 395 Wellington Street Ottawa Ontario K1A 0N4
Telephone: (819)994-6830 References ANSI Z39.50- 1992 (version 2). American National Standards Information Retrieval Application Service Definition and Protocol Specification for Open Systems Interconnection, version 2. National Information Standards Organization, 1992. ISO 7498 Information Processing Systems - Open Systems Interconnection - Basic Reference Model ISO 10162: 1991 Information and Documentation - Search and Retrieve Application Service Definition for Open Systems Interconnection ISO 10163: 1991 Information and Documentation - Search and Retrieve Application Protocol Specification for Open Systems Interconnection Hinnebusch, Mark. (1992). Integrated Library Systems; A Primer on Z39.50: Parts 1-8. Academic and Library Computing. 9(2) - 9(9). Lynch, Clifford A. (1990). Information Retrieval as a Network Application. Library Hi Tech, 8 (4), 57-72. Lynch, Clifford A. (1991). The Z39.50 Information Retrieval Protocol: an Overview and Status Report. Computer Communications Review. 21(1), 58-70. Turner, Fay. (1993). Search and Retrieve Protocol Implementation Project. National Library News. 25(2), 5-7. Z39.50 Maintenance Agency. (1992). Z39.50 Register of Implementors. October 1993. (Available form Ray Denenberg, Library of Congress) Zeeman, Joe. (1992). The Z39.50 Standard - Almost a Reality. Canadian Library Journal. 49 (4), 273-276. Telecommunications Options for the 90's - Workshop - Havana, CubaThursday August 25, 1994Co-Sponsors
UDT Core Programme Focus Provide libraries in Latin America with information on the resources available to them on the Internet and with information on the various telecommunciations options that can be used to access these resources. The panel discussion will focus on network implementation issues. Location PABEXPO Registration Paula Tallim Internet:paula.tallim@nlc-bnc.ca Fax: (819)994-6835 Morning Session
Welcome and Overview
Internet Basics: What is it? Getting started?
Internet Protocols: FTP, SMTP, Remote Login
Navigation Tools: WWW,Mosaic, Gopher, WAIS, Archie Afternoon Session Communications Options
UUCP/FidoNet
Daniel Pimienta
Packet Radio
Satellite (Inmarsat) Panel Discussion Options/Issues for Developing Countries
Moderator
Participants
Daniel Pimienta
Marcos Silva
Luis Mourelos
The IFLA UDT Core ProgrammeThe UDT Core Programme objective is to promote the effectiveness of libraries and other Core Programmes of IFLA by:
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