Revision of IFLA's Guidelines for Public Libraries

Dear Colleague,

The Public Library Service: Guidelines for Development

The IFLA Section of Public Libraries is preparing a new version of IFLA's Guidelines for Public Libraries. Two drafts have been circulated and debated at the IFLA Conferences on Amsterdam (1998) and Bangkok (1999). I am attaching a third draft which will be presented at the IFLA Conference in Jerusalem in August 2000. As someone who has shown an interest in this project and has expertise and experience in public libraries I am sending you a copy of this draft and I would very much welcome your comments. In particular I would be grateful if you could:

1. Send any comments you may have on the text

2. Provide more examples of good practice which can be included in the text. This is an important feature of the document and we would welcome more examples.

3. Check the accuracy of any examples that are already included if they relate to a country or library service of which you have knowledge.

After comments have been received on this draft and it has been discussed at the Jerusalem conference it is planned to make such changes as are necessary and prepare it for publication at the end of the year. This is, therefore, your last opportunity to comment before publication. Please send your replies to either Ilona Glashoff or me as we are editing the draft. Our addresses and those of the other members of the Working Group are attached.

We would like to have your replies by 30 September 2000

I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours sincerely

Philip Gill
Chair, Working Group on the Revision of IFLA's Public Library Guidelines

Preface

Philip Gill (United Kingdom), Chair
Barbara Clubb (Canada)
Ilona Glashoff (Germany)
Kerstin Hassner (Sweden)
Nerses Hayrapetian (Armenia)
Robert Pestell (Australia)

Before drafting began the contents of the proposed publication were discussed at a two-day seminar at Noordwijk, Netherlands held in August 1998. We are grateful to UNESCO for their support for this event. Working drafts have been presented and debated at the IFLA Conferences in Amsterdam (1998), Bangkok (1999) and Jerusalem (2000). It has also been considered in detail by the IFLA Committee of the Section of Public Libraries and the Coordinating Board of IFLA Division 3 Libraries Serving the General Public.

The contributions at the Noordwijk seminar, at the IFLA Conferences and by those to whom the drafts have been sent for consultation have been invaluable. We are grateful to all those who have commented on the work as it has progressed and to those who have provided practical examples to illustrate the text. We are also grateful to the Assistant Director (Lifelong Learning), Buckinghamshire County Council, England for permission to reproduce their Library Service Customer Charter.

The interest shown in this publication as it has been in preparation is evidence of the demand for guidelines for public libraries which reflect the changed information world in which they now operate. With the benefit of the input we have had from public librarians from around the world we trust that these guidelines will be relevant to public libraries at varying stages of development in the early years of the 21st. century and can help librarians to meet the exciting challenges they now face. It is in that belief that we offer this publication to public librarians world-wide.

Philip Gill

Introduction

In 1973 IFLA published "Standards for Public Libraries", re-issued with slight revisions in 1977. In 1986 this was replaced by "Guidelines for Public Libraries". Both these publications have been overtaken by the dramatic developments in information technology, which have taken place in the last few years. As their titles suggest they represented two different approaches to providing practical guidance to librarians. The introduction to the 1973 Standards states " Separate standards were not considered desirable, since the general objectives in all countries were the same, the modifying factor being the pace at which development could take place. " The 1973 version therefore provides a range of quantitative standards including the size of collections, size of administrative units, opening hours, staffing levels and building standards.

Those drafting the 1986 Guidelines took a different view " When needs and resources vary so widely there can be no common standards for services...We are offering not rules but advice, based on experience drawn from many different countries and capable of general application... Recommendations as to desirable levels of provision, based on past experience in quite different circumstances are bound to be unreliable and misleading." Statistics of public libraries in different countries were provided in an appendix against which librarians could measure their own service.

In preparing this new edition a number of issues were raised and addressed but perhaps the three key questions were

Should the final document include both guidelines and quantitative standards or be limited just to guidelines?

Would it be possible to draft a version, which could be of practical use to librarians in countries with public library services at different stages of development and with very different levels of available resources?

Is it possible to make recommendations on the use of information and communications technology in public libraries when there are such great variations in its availability and in the resources to provide and support it?

In order to get a view on these and other issues a seminar was held in Noordwijk, Netherlands in August 1998 to discuss the content of the new edition and the form that it should take. It was attended by twenty-two librarians from twenty-one countries in different parts of the world and from public libraries at different stages of development and with varying levels of resources. The conclusions reached at the end of that stimulating event have informed the work of the group carrying out the revision.

The Noordwijk delegates strongly supported the view that the new publication should include some practical standards and not be confined to guidelines and recommendations. It became apparent that, though many people were aware of the 1973 Standards and still used them to a certain extent, the 1986 Guidelines had not made the same practical impact. Though fully aware of the wide variety of social and economic circumstances within which public libraries in different countries operate it was decided that if this new edition was to have practical value it should include some recommended standards.

The decision to include standards highlights the importance of the second question, whether a set of standards and guidelines can have universal relevance. As each draft has been produced it has been sent to the Noordwijk delegates, and to a number of other people who have shown interest in the project, for their reaction. Meetings have been held on the project at the IFLA conferences in Amsterdam (1998), Bangkok (1999) and Jerusalem (2000). This consultative process has been an invaluable element of the project and has revealed both the strength of the public library movement world-wide and the similarities and differences in public libraries in different countries and societies.

Despite the variations in levels of service and in funds to support and develop them it was decided that it would not be fruitful to attempt to prepare a new edition which was aimed at one group of public libraries, for example those in the "developed " or the "developing" world. Such categorisation is misleading as the level and range of services and their effectiveness is not necessarily based on the available resources. Libraries in any country and at any stage of development are capable of improvement and all will have both strengths and weaknesses. It was decided, therefore, to produce a set of guidelines and standards, which could be relevant to any public library at some point in its development. We recognise the problem of meeting standards when reliable population figures are not available and have suggested alternative approaches. We recommend that the more detailed guidelines produced by specialist sections of IFLA are also used. Where public libraries cannot meet all the standards and recommendations immediately, it is hoped that they will provide a target at which to aim. This publication is aimed primarily at librarians for them to use in fighting for improved library services.

We have also included some examples of service provision from round the world. These are not intended to be comprehensive or necessarily the most outstanding instances of service provision. They are intended to illustrate the text with some snapshots of what is happening in countries round the world and provide a glimpse of imaginative solutions to specific challenges. We realise that these are very selective and many more examples could be used which would be equally relevant. They do demonstrate what is being done throughout the world to match the public library service to the needs of its users in a local context.

In the last few years the rapid developments in information technology have revolutionised the way in which information is collected, displayed and accessed. The synergy between information and communications technology is allowing access to information in ways hardly imaginable when the last Guidelines were published in 1986. The speed of change has accelerated and continues to do so. There are few sectors of activity not affected and the public library, for which the provision of information is a primary role, is facing the challenge of radical changes in all aspects of its organisation and service delivery.

Many public libraries have responded to the challenge of the electronic revolution and taken the opportunity to develop services in new and exciting ways. There is, however, another side to this story. The United Nations Human Development Report 1999 revealed that South Asia with 23% of the world's population has only 1% of the world's Internet users. In developing countries 40% of the population have never made a telephone call. To take advantage of the opportunities information and communications technology presents there is a basic need for literacy, computer skills and a reliable telecommunications network. The risk of a growing gap between the information rich and the information poor has never been greater. This gap is not just an issue between countries at different stages of development but also between groups and individuals within countries.

Public libraries are well placed to help to bridge what is sometimes called " the digital divide " by providing information technology for public access, by teaching basic computer skills and by participating in programmes to combat illiteracy. However to fulfil the principle of access for all they must also continue to maintain services which provide information in different ways, for example, through print or the oral tradition. These are likely to remain of vital importance for the foreseeable future. In becoming the gateway to the electronic information world every effort must be made not to close other doors through which knowledge and information can be provided. These factors present public libraries with a major challenge and their response will determine the continuing viability of the public library service. The recommendations have been framed with these issues in mind.

In the introduction to the 1986 Guidelines Arthur Jones wrote " The working group identified many imperatives: the words "must" and "should" occur frequently. Nevertheless this is not a set of rules for designing an ideal library service: it is a tool to help in the development of services which will best meet the needs of your own community. The guidelines will suggest what might be possible, but local conditions will dictate what is feasible, with regard to both services and organisation." We would echo that statement: the public library is a locally based service meeting the needs of the local community and operating within the context of that community. These guidelines have been framed to provide assistance to librarians in any situation to develop an effective public library service related to the requirements of their local community. In this exciting and daunting information world it is important for those in search of knowledge, information and creative experience that they succeed.

Philip Gill

Addresses of members of the Working Group

Philip Gill (Chair)

13 Stoneleigh Close
Stoneleigh
Coventry
CV8 3DE
UNITED KINGDOM
Phone/Fax + 44 2476 414030

e-mail: philip_gill@compuserve.com

Barbara Clubb


Ottawa Public Libraries
120 Metcalfe Street
Ottawa
Ontario K1P 5M2
CANADA
Phone: +1 613 598-4001
Fax: +1 613 567-8815

e-mail: clubbb@ottawa.on.ca

Nerses Hayrapetian


National Library of Armenia
72 Terian Street
Yerevan, 375009
Armenia
Phone: +3742 52 7782
Fax: ++ 3742 58 0091

e-mail: hayrapet @hotmail.com

Kerstin Hassner


Department of Administration Services, Culture and Libraries
Ljusdal Kommun
SE-827 80 Ljusdal
SWEDEN
Phone: +46 8-651 180 10
Fax: +46 8-651 149 13

e-mail: kerstin.hassner@ljusdal.se

Robert Pestell


State Library of Queensland
Public Library Division
299 Montague Road, West End
P.O. Box 3815 Brisbane, Queensland 4101
AUSTRALIA
Phone: +61 732 14 32 14
Fax: +61 732 14 32 00

e-mail: r.pestell@slq.qld.gov.au

Chapter 1. The Role and Purpose of the Public Library

" The public library, the local gateway to knowledge, provides a basic condition for lifelong learning, independent decision-making and cultural development of the individual and social groups."
(IFLA/UNESCO Public Library Manifesto. 1994)

1.1 Introduction.

This chapter is a general statement on the role and purpose of the public library. The key issues are developed in greater detail in later chapters.

1.2 Defining the Public Library

Public libraries are a world-wide phenomenon. They occur in a variety of societies, in differing cultures and at different stages of development. Although the varied contexts in which they operate inevitably result in differences in the services they provide, and the way those services are delivered, they normally have characteristics in common, which can be defined as follows:

A public library is an organisation established, supported and funded by the community, either through local, regional or national government or through some other form of community organisation. It provides access to knowledge, information and works of the imagination through a range of resources and services and is equally available to all members of the community regardless of race, nationality, age, gender, religion, language, disability, economic and employment status and educational attainment.

1.3 The Purposes of the Public Library.

The primary purposes of the public library are to provide resources and services in a variety of media to meet the needs of individuals and groups for education, information and personal development including recreation and leisure.

1.3.1 Education.
" Supporting both individual and self conducted education as well as formal education at all levels " (Manifesto)

The need for an agency available to all, which provides access to knowledge in printed and other formats to support formal and informal education, has been the reason for the foundation and maintenance of most public libraries and remains a core purpose for the public library. Throughout their lives people require education either at formal institutions e.g. school, colleges and universities or in a less formal context related to their employment and daily life. Learning does not end with the completion of formal education but is, for most people, a lifelong activity. In an increasingly complex society people will need to acquire new skills at various stages of their life. The public library has an important role in assisting this process.

The public library should provide material in the appropriate media to support formal and informal learning processes. It should also help the user to make use of these learning resources effectively as well as providing facilities, which enable people to study. The ability to access information and make effective use of it is vital to successful education and where possible public libraries should co-operate with other educational organisations in teaching the use of information resources. Where adequate library facilities exist to support formal education the public library should complement them rather than duplicating library provision available elsewhere.

The public library should also actively support literacy campaigns, as literacy is the key to education and knowledge and to the use of libraries and information services. Newly literate people need easy access to appropriate reading materials to maintain and develop their skills.

In some countries the need for educational development is seen to be paramount and the focus of public libraries is to support formal education. There are, however, a variety of ways in which public libraries can support both formal and informal education. How this is achieved will depend on the local context and the level of available resources

• In Mexico public library services have been deliberately developed to support formal education with special emphasis on secondary education.

• In Singapore the stated mission for the public library service is "to continuously expand this nation's capacity to learn through a national network of libraries and information resource centres providing services and learning opportunities to support the advancement of Singapore."

• In South Africa, where many people have inadequate living space and no electricity to enable them to study, public libraries give a high priority to providing the basic facilities, light, tables and chairs.

• In many countries libraries are provided which fulfil the function of both public and school library. In Trafford, England three smaller libraries have been integrated into existing facilities. One branch library has been combined with a school library and two located with leisure facilities.

• In Bulawayo, Zimbabwe a weekly mobile library service visits thirty-seven primary schools greatly increasing access to the library service for children in the city.

• In Amazonas State, Venezuela, where there are no school libraries, rural libraries concentrate on providing support for school students and teachers.

• In Barcelona province, Spain some library services give support to distance learning students from the Open University in Catalonia.

1.3.2 Information.

"The public library is the local centre of information, making all kinds of knowledge and information readily available to its users. " (Manifesto)

It is a basic human right to be able to have access to and an understanding of information, and there is now more information available than ever before in the world's history. As a public service open to all, the public library has a key role in collecting, organising and exploiting information, as well as providing access to a wide range of information sources. The public library has a particular responsibility to collect local information and make it readily available. It also acts as a memory of the past by collecting, conserving and providing access to material relating to the history of the community and of individuals. In providing a wide range of information the public library assists the community in informed debate and decision making on key issues. In collecting and providing information the public library should, wherever possible, co-operate with other agencies to make the best use of available resources.

The rapid growth in the volume of available information and the continuing technological changes, which have radically affected the way information is accessed, have already made a significant effect on public libraries and their services. Information is very important to the development of the individual and of society and information technology gives considerable power to those able to access and use it. Despite its rapid growth it is not available to the majority of the world's population and the gap between the information rich and the information poor continues to widen. A vital role for the public library is to bridge that gap by making information technology easily accessible as well as providing information in traditional formats. Public libraries should recognise and exploit the opportunities provided by the exciting developments in information and communications technology. They have the opportunity to become the electronic gateway to the information world.

• Sabah State Library, Malaysia provides electronic corners in its libraries. These are one-stop sources of information and entertainment, which can access the Internet, and a wide variety of CD-Roms. Public seminars on how to use the Internet are also organised by the library.

• The Rural Audio Libraries of Mali use cassettes to distribute information on hygiene, health, animal husbandry and other topics relevant to people's daily life. These reach 146 villages and collective listening sessions are organised.

• Some public libraries in South Africa provide space for information kiosks and telecentres

• Open access Internet points have been established in public libraries in Estonia.

• Rural multi-purpose community telecentres have been established in five African countries (Benin, Mali, Mozambique, Tanzania and Uganda) to provide access to modern information and communication tools.

• The public library in Sunderland, England is developing ' electronic village halls '. Five have been opened based in library buildings, a further education college, a community business centre, and around a community and voluntary network. They provide free access to PC's and the Internet, a wide range of software for adults and children and trained staff available to help users.

1.3.3 Personal Development.

" Providing opportunities for personal creative development " (Manifesto)

The opportunity to develop personal creativity and pursue new interests is important to human development. To achieve this people need access to knowledge and works of the imagination. The public library can provide access, in a variety of different media, to a rich and varied store of knowledge and creative achievement which individuals cannot acquire on their own behalf. Providing access to major collections of the world's literature and knowledge, including the community's own literature, has been a unique contribution of the public library and is still a vitally important function. Access to works of the imagination and knowledge is an important contribution to personal education and meaningful recreational activity.

The public library can also make a fundamental contribution to daily survival by being directly involved in providing information to developing communities e.g. basic life skills, adult basic education, Aids awareness programmes. In communities with a high illiteracy rate the public library should interpret and translate information where necessary and provide basic user education.

1.3.4 Children and Young People.

"Creating and strengthening reading habits in children from an early age." (Manifesto)

The public library should attempt to meet the needs of all groups in the community regardless of age and physical, economic or social circumstances. However it has a special responsibility to meet the needs of children and young people. If children can be inspired, by the excitement of knowledge and works of the imagination at an early age, they are likely to benefit from these vital elements of personal development throughout their lives, both enriching them and enhancing their contribution to society. Children can also encourage parents and other adults to make use of the library. It is also important that young people who experience problems in learning to read should have access to a library to provide them with appropriate material.

1.3.5 Public Libraries and Cultural Development.

An important role of the public library is providing a focus for cultural and artistic development in the community. This can be achieved by working in partnership with appropriate local and regional organisations, by providing space for cultural activity, organising cultural programmmes and by ensuring that cultural interests are represented in the library's materials. The library's contribution should reflect the variety of cultures represented in the community. It should provide materials in the languages spoken and read in the local community.

1.4 An Agency for Change.

In carrying out its role in these key areas the public library is acting as an agency for social and personal development and can be a positive agency for change in the community. By providing a wide range of materials to support education and making information accessible to all the public library can bring economic and social benefits to individuals and to the community. It contributes to the creation of a well-informed society and helps to empower people in the enrichment and development of their lives and that of the community in which they live.

1.5 Freedom of Information.

" Collections and services should not be subject to any form of ideological, political or religious censorship, nor commercial pressures." (Manifesto).

The public library should be able to represent all ranges of human experience and opinion, free from the risk of censorship. In some countries a Freedom of Information Act will help to ensure these rights are maintained. Librarians and governing bodies should uphold these basic human rights and resist pressure from individuals and groups to limit the material available in the public library.

1.6 Access for All

A fundamental principle of the public library is that its services must be available to all and not directed to one group in the community to the exclusion of others. Provision should be made to ensure services are equally available to minority groups who for some reason are not able to use the mainstream services, for example linguistic minorities, people with physical disabilities or those living in remote communities who are unable to reach library buildings. The development of services, the design of libraries and their opening hours should all be planned with the concept of universal access as a basic principle (See Chapter 3 Meeting the Needs of the Users).

The development of collections should also be based on the principle of access for all and include access to formats appropriate to specific client groups e.g. Braille and talking books for blind people. Information and communications technology should be used to allow access to the library's collections and those of other information sources both from within the library or from remote sites.

1.7 Local Needs.

Public libraries are locally based services for the benefit of the local community and should provide community information services. The services and collections they provide should be based on local needs which should be assessed regularly. Without this discipline the public library will get out of touch with those it is there to serve and will, as a result, not be used to its full potential. Librarians should, therefore, be aware of the changes in society arising from such factors as demographic change, variations in the age structure, levels of education, patterns of employment and the emergence of other educational and cultural providers.

1.8 Local Culture.

The public library should be a key agency in the local community for the collection, preservation and promotion of local culture. This can be achieved in a variety of ways e.g. the maintenance of local history collections, exhibitions, storytelling, publishing of items of local interest and developing interactive programmes on local themes. Where the oral tradition is an important method of communication the public library should encourage its development.

• In the services offered by the Rural Libraries and Resources Development Programme in Zimbabwe the incorporation of drama, song and dance as part of information transfer is juxtaposed to reading, lending and literacy support

• Village Reading Rooms in Botswana act as centres for storing Setswana literature and promoting the Setswana language and for the promotion of culture where discussion groups, traditional songs, dances and meetings are organised

• Rural libraries in Cajamarca, Peru are involved in the reinstatement and revitalisation of the Andean indigenous language base. A project was set up to publish material on the local culture and the resulting Rural Encyclopaedia provides an alternative to school, empowers people and promotes self-education.

1.9 The Cultural Roots of the Public Library

It is important to the long- term success of the library that it should be based on the culture of the country or area in which it operates. It is less likely to succeed if the form and structure of the public library are introduced from a country or area with a very different cultural background.

1.10 Libraries without Walls

In developing policies to fulfil the role and purpose of the public library the emphasis should be on the services it provides. In meeting the needs of its community the public library will provide a range of services, some of which, for example large collections of printed material, can be most effectively delivered from a library building. However there will be many circumstances where it is more effective to provide the service beyond the walls of the library. Examples will vary in different societies but the principle of planning library development from a service rather than building perspective is important in all public library policy development. The provision of services using information and communications technology also presents exciting opportunities to take library and information services direct to the home and the workplace.

A variety of forms of transport are used to deliver services to sparsely populated areas. The provision of library and information services to people unable to visit a library due to physical disability or lack of transport, for example, ensures that access to these services is available to all at their home or workplace regardless of their circumstances.

1.11 Library Buildings

. Library buildings play an important part in public library provision. They should be designed to reflect the functions of the library service and be sufficiently flexible to accommodate new and changing services. They should be located close to other community activities e.g. shops and cultural centres. Wherever possible the library should also be available for community use, for example for meetings and exhibitions and in larger buildings for theatrical, musical, audio-visual and media performances. A well-used public library will make a significant contribution to the vitality of an urban area and be an important learning and social centre and meeting place, particularly in scattered rural areas. Librarians should, therefore, ensure that library buildings are used and managed effectively to make the best use of the facilities for the benefit of the whole community.

The public library has an important role as a public space and meeting place, particularly in communities where there are few places for people to meet. It is sometimes known as the drawing room of the community.

1.12 Resources

To fulfil its roles satisfactorily the public library must have adequate resources not just when it is established but also on a continuing basis to enable it to sustain and develop services that meet the needs of the local community. This means it should provide materials in all formats, up-dated regularly to meet the changing needs of groups and individuals, including newly-published and replacement materials. It should also provide adequate levels of staff with appropriate training and sufficient funds to support whatever methods of service delivery are needed for it to meet its vital role in the community.

Chapter 2. The Legal and Financial Framework

"The public library is the responsibility of local and national authorities. It must be supported by specific legislation and financed by national and local governments. It has to be an essential component of any long-term strategy for culture, information provision, literacy and education." (IFLA/UNESCO Public Library Manifesto. 1994)

2.1 Introduction.

Public libraries are a community agency providing access at local level to a range of knowledge and information for the benefit of the individual and society as a whole. In order to maintain the level of service required to fulfil their functions public libraries should be supported by legislation and sustained funding.

2.2 The Public Library and Government.

There are many different models of the relationship between public libraries and government. Equally the laws that govern their activities and funding arrangements are varied and complex. In different countries, provinces, regions, states or municipalities are either in whole or in part responsible for library services. As public libraries are a locally based service local government is often the most appropriate place in the government structure for them. However in some countries public libraries are provided at regional or state level and the national library sometimes has responsibility for providing the public library service. There are instances of two or more levels of government co-operating in the provision of the service.

• The Estonian Public Libraries Act (1998) details the responsibilities of each level of government. It states that the public library is established by the local government body, and that the county or city library is responsible for the co-ordination of library service, inter-library loans and book mobiles. The local authority is responsible for employees' wages but the funding of library materials is shared between the local authority and the state.

2.2.1 Alternative structures.

In some countries, although the local authority has nominal responsibility for the public library, it does not have the required funds and non-governmental organisations or private foundations undertake the practical operation of the public library services. However to ensure sustained development and its role in the information network the public library should be closely related to and funded by the appropriate level of government. The eventual aim should be to bring public libraries into the formal government structure operating under national legislation and with appropriate levels of funding.

• Argentina has 1600 popular libraries provided by non-governmental organisations or organised communities and regulated by national legislation.

2.2.2 National Information Policies.

In order to make the most effective use of available library and information resources, and take full advantage of the opportunities offered by the development of electronic information sources, many countries are developing national information policies. Public libraries should be a key element in such policies and public librarians should ensure they are full involved in their development.

2.3 Public Library Legislation.

Public libraries should be based on legislation, which assures their continuance and their place in the government structure. Public library legislation takes various forms. In some countries or regions the legislation is specific to public libraries whereas in others it is part of wider legislation which includes different types of libraries. Public library legislation is also varied in its provisions. It can be simple, allowing the establishment of public libraries but leaving standards of service to the level of government directly responsible for the library, or more complex with specific detail on what services should be provided and to what standard.

Because governmental structures vary so much in different countries the form and detail of public library legislation is also likely to vary significantly. However legislation governing public libraries should state which level of government is responsible for their provision and how they should be funded. It should also place them in the framework of libraries in the country or region as a whole.

• Mexico and Venezuela have specific public library legislation whereas in Colombia and Brazil legislation on information services includes references to public libraries

• The Finnish Library Act (1998) stipulates that the public library should be provided by the municipality, either independently or in co-operation with other public libraries, that public libraries should co-operate with other types of library and that the municipality should evaluate the library and information services that it provides. (See Appendix 2)

  
  

• The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996 provides the constitutional framework for the provision of library and information services in South Africa. It lists ' libraries other than national libraries' as an area of exclusive provincial legislative competence. It is therefore a provincial responsibility to develop the legislative framework in which library and information services can be provided.

• In Armenia local authorities have responsibility for the financing and maintenance of public libraries. The Law on Local Self-Government (1996) defines their obligations for maintaining and developing public libraries.

2.3.1 Related Legislation.

Public libraries are subject to a range of legislation apart from the specific legislation relating to them. This can include legislation on financial management, health and safety and staff conditions and there will be many other examples. Library managers should be aware of all legislation affecting the operation of the public library.

They should also be aware of global trade negotiations which can result in policies and agreements, which could have a serious impact on public libraries. In such cases librarians should take every opportunity to bring the effect of such policies on public libraries to the notice of the public and politicians.

2.3.2 Copyright

Copyright legislation is of particular importance to public libraries, particularly that relating to electronic publications. It is constantly subject to amendment and review and librarians should keep up-to-date with the legislation in relation to all media. Librarians should promote and support copyright legislation which achieves an equitable balance between the rights of creators and the needs of users.

• In the Czech Republic the library association, SKIP, acting on its own initiative participated in the preparation of copyright legislation. After discussions with the Ministry of Culture and the Cultural Committee of the Czech parliament, changes beneficial to libraries were introduced.

2.3.3 Public Lending Right

In some countries public lending right legislation has been introduced which provides a payment to authors and others involved in the creation of a book, related to its provision in and loan from public libraries. It is important that funds for payment of public lending right should not be taken from funds libraries have for the purchase of materials. However public lending right , if separately funded, does provide support for authors without affecting public libraries' budgets. In some schemes it can also provide useful statistics on the loans of books by specific authors. Librarians should participate in the development of public lending right schemes to ensure they are not financed from library budgets.

2.4 Funding

Adequate levels of funding are crucial to the success of a public library in fulfilling its roles. Without suitable levels of funding over the long-term it is impossible to develop policies for service provision and make the most effective use of available resources. This can be seen in number of examples: a new library building without adequate funds to maintain it, collections of new books with no money for their replacement and computer systems without funds to maintain and up-date them. Funding is required not only when a public library is established but should be sustained on an assured and regular basis.

2.4.1 Priorities.

A public library and its services is a long-term investment on behalf of the community and should be funded appropriately. It is recognised that even in the wealthiest of societies it may not be possible to provide appropriate levels of funding for every service requirement. It is vitally important, therefore, that service development should be conducted on a planned basis with clear priorities. This process is necessary whatever level of funding is available to the library service. To determine strategic planning and the maintenance of agreed priorities, written policy statements should be developed for services . They should be reviewed at regular intervals and revised where necessary.

2.4.2 Partnership

No public library, however large and well funded, can meet all the needs of its users on its own. Partnerships with other organisations, networking and providing access to other sources of information are essential if the public library is to satisfy the information needs of its users.

2.4.3 Sources of Funding.

There are a number of sources of funding used to finance public libraries but the proportions of funding from each source will vary depending on local factors in each country.

The primary sources are

• taxation at local, regional or central level
• block grants from central, regional or local level

Secondary sources of income may include

• donations from funding bodies or private individuals
• revenue from commercial activities e.g. publishing, book sales, sale of works of art and handicrafts
• revenue from user fees e.g. fines
• sponsorship from external organisations
• lottery funds for specific initiatives.

2.4.4 Charging the User.

The IFLA/UNESCO Public Library Manifesto states " The public library shall in principle be free of charge ". Charging users for services and membership should not be used as a source of revenue for public libraries, as it makes the ability to pay a criterion in determining who can use a public library. This reduces access and therefore breaches the fundamental principle that the public library should be available to all. It is recognised that in some countries with very limited financial resources for public services a policy of 'cost-sharing' has been introduced, as a result of which subscriptions for use of the library are levied. This practice denies access to those unable to pay and should be seen as an interim situation and not as a permanent feature of public library funding.

It is common in some countries to ask users to pay a fee or fine when keeping an item after it is due for return to the library. This is sometimes necessary to ensure that items are kept in circulation and not retained for a long time by one user. The fine should not be set at a level that would deter anyone from using the library.

2.4.5 External Funding

Librarians should be imaginative in seeking external sources of funding for the public library. However, they should not accept funding from any source, if by so doing the fundamental status of a public library as an agency available to all is compromised. Commercial organisations, for example may offer funding with conditions, which might prejudice the universal nature of the services provided by the public library.

2.5 The Governance of the Public Library

Public libraries should be governed by a properly established body made up largely of representatives of the local community including those elected either to the local council or to the library board. Library committees and boards should have rules of procedure and their proceedings should be open to the general public. They should meet on a regular basis and publish agenda, minutes, annual reports and financial statements. Normally the governing body will be responsible for matters of policy rather than the day-to-day operation of the library. In all cases the chief librarian should have direct access to the meetings of the governing body of the library and work closely with it. Policy documents should be made available to the public and, where possible, steps should be taken to involve local citizens in the development of the public library.

Public librarians must be fully accountable both to their governing bodies and local citizens for their actions by providing reports, holding public meetings and through consultation. They must also maintain the highest professional standards in carrying out their duties and in advising the governing body. Although the final decisions on policy will be taken by the governing body and the librarian, ways should be sought to involve the local citizens who are the actual or potential library users. The concept of a 'Library Charter', which identifies and publicises the level of service the public library provides has been developed in some countries (See Appendix 3 for sample charter). This establishes a 'contract' between the public library and the users. Library Charters have more credibility if they are developed in consultation with users.

2.6 The Administration of the Public Library

Public libraries should be well managed and administered. The administration of a public library should be directed towards improving the quality of service to the users and not an end in itself. It should be efficient and accountable. To get best results the administrative and management staff of a large public library service should be multi-disciplinary involving staff with specialist skills e.g. librarians, accountants, public relations officers and system managers. It may also be necessary to draw on the expertise of staff of the parent authority or other related organisation in certain areas e.g. lawyers, payroll and pensions staff.

2.7 Publicity and Promotion

Public libraries operate in an increasingly complex society, which makes many calls on people's time and attention. It is important; therefore that libraries publicise their presence and the range of services they provide. Publicity ranges from simple techniques, like signs on library buildings, which state what they are and leaflets advertising opening hours and services, to more sophisticated methods like marketing programmes and the use of web sites to promote the library's services and activities. (See Chapter 6 The Management and Marketing of the Public Library).

Chapter 3. Meeting the Needs of the Users

"The services of the public library are provided on the basis of equality of access for all, regardless of age, race, sex, religion, nationality, language or social status."

To ensure nation wide library coordination and cooperation, legislation and strategic plans must also define and promote a national library network based on agreed standards of service.

The public library network must be designed in relation to national, regional, research and special libraries as well as libraries in schools, colleges and universities.

Services have to be physically accessible to all members of the community. This requires well situated library buildings, good reading and study facilities, as well as relevant technologies and sufficient opening hours convenient to the users. It equally implies out-reach services for those unable to visit the library.

"The library services must be adapted to the different needs of communities in rural and urban areas."
(IFLA/UNESCO Public Library Manifesto. 1994)

3.1 Introduction

To be successful in fulfilling its goals the public library service must be fully accessible to all its potential users. Any limitation of access whether deliberate or accidental will reduce the ability of the public library to fully achieve its primary role of meeting the library and information needs of the community it serves. The following are important elements in delivering an effective public library service:

• Identifying potential users
• Analysing users' needs
• Developing services to groups and individuals
• Introducing customer care policies
• Promoting user education
• Cooperating and sharing resources
• Developing electronic networks
• Ensuring access to services
• Providing library buildings

3.2 Identifying Potential Users

The public library has to aim to serve all citizens and groups. An individual is never too young or too old to use a library.
The potential target groups of the public library include:

• People at all ages and at all stages of life.
  • Children
  • Young adults
  • Adults

• Individuals and groups of people with special needs
  • People from different cultures and ethnic groups inc. indigenous people.
  • People with disabilities e.g. blind and partially sighted, hearing impaired
  • Housebound people
  • Institutionally confined e.g. in hospitals, prisons

• Institutions within the wider community network
  • Educational, cultural and voluntary organisations and groups in the community
  • The business community
  • The governing body of the parent organisation e.g. local authority

As resources are limited in even the wealthiest society it is not always possible to serve all users to the same level. The library must establish priorities based on an analysis of user needs and related to their access to alternative services.

3.3 Analysing Needs within the Community

It is important to establish who uses and who does not use the library service. It is also necessary to collect and analyse data which identifies those needs of individuals and groups within the community which can be met by the public library (see Chapter 6.10 Management tools).

3.4 Services to Users

"The public library ...... has to be an essential component of any long-term strategy for culture, information provision, literacy and education". (Manifesto)

The public library must provide services based on an analysis of the library and information needs of the local community. In planning services clear priorities must be established and a strategy developed for service provision in the medium to long term. Services should be developed for identified target groups and only provided if such groups exist in the local community.

The services of the library should not be subject to any form of ideological, political, religious or commercial pressure. Services must be able to adjust and develop to reflect changes in society e.g. variations in family structures, employment patterns, demographic changes, cultural diversity and methods of communication. They should take account of traditional cultures as well as new technologies e.g. support for oral methods of communication as well as making use of information and communication technology. In some countries the services which the public library must provide are defined in library legislation.

3.4.1 Service Provision

Public libraries provide a range of services, both within the library and in the community, to satisfy their users' needs. The library should facilitate access to its services for all, including those who have difficulty reading print. The following services, which should be easily accessible to the user in a variety of formats and media, should be provided.

• Loan of books and other media
• Provision of books and other materials for use in the library
• Information services using print and electronic media
• Readers' advisory services including reservation services
• Community information services
• User education including support for literacy programmes
• Programming and events

This is not an exhaustive list but an indication of some of the key services of the public library. The range and depth of provision will depend on the size of the library and the community it serves. Every library should aim to be an active participant in one or more networks, which will give the user access to a wide range of material however small the access point. Service provision should not be confined to the library building but also taken direct to the user where access to the library is not possible. In providing services both within the library and beyond use should be made of information and communications technology as well as the printed word. A list of some of the resources the library should provide is detailed in Chapter 4.3.1.

3.4.2 Services to Children

By providing a wide range of materials and activities, public libraries provide an opportunity for children to experience the enjoyment of reading and the excitement of discovering knowledge and works of the imagination. Children and their parents should be taught how to make the best use of a library and how to develop skills in the use of printed and electronic media.

Public libraries have a special responsibility to support the process of learning to read, and to promote books and other media for children. The library must provide special events for children like story telling and activities related to the library's services and resources. Children should be encouraged to use the library from an early age as this will make them more likely to remain users in future years. In multi-lingual countries books and audio-visual materials for children should be available in their mother tongue. (See IFLA Guidelines for Children's Libraries)

• In France public libraries in many regions are co-operating with Health Services for Children to organise programmes for parents and their children while they are waiting for medical consultation. These are aimed at children from birth to three years old, to encourage parents to read aloud to their children and to visit the public library.

• In Bucharest, Rumania the city library is offering summer programmes, run by volunteers, aimed at children from eleven to fourteen whose parents are at work.

3.4.3 Services for Young Adults

Young people between childhood and adulthood develop as individual members of society with their own culture. Public libraries must understand their needs and provide services to meet them. Materials, including access to electronic information resources, should be provided which reflect their interests and culture. In some cases this will mean acquiring materials, which are not traditionally part of a library's resources, which represent youth culture in a variety of media e.g. popular novels, book and television series, music, video tapes, teenage magazines, posters. To ensure it reflects their interests it is important to enlist the help of young people in selecting this material. In larger libraries this material with appropriate furniture can form a special section of the library . This will help them to feel the library is for them and help to overcome a feeling of alienation from the library, which is not unusual among this age group. Relevant programmes and talks to young adults should also be provided. (See IFLA Guidelines for Library Services for Young Adults).

• In Hamburg, Germany young adults help to select and buy media stock for the young adults library. They select media reflecting their own cultural background and have organised and gained sponsorship for their own Internet café.

3.4.4 Services for Adults

Adults have a number of different requirements of an information and library service related to the variety of situations they will encounter. These requirements should be analysed and services developed on the outcome of that analysis. They should include support for

• Lifelong learning
• Leisure time interests
• Information needs
• Community activities
• Cultural activity.

Services meeting these needs should also be available to children and young adults.

3.4.5 Lifelong Learning

The public library supports lifelong learning, working with schools and other educational institutions to help students of all ages with their formal education. The challenge of providing educational support provides an opportunity for public libraries to interact and network with teachers and others involved in education. It should also provide a range of materials on a variety of topics, which will allow people to follow their interests and education on an informal basis. The public library should also provide materials to support literacy and the development of basic life skills. In addition the library must provide study facilities to students who have inadequate or no access to these facilities in their homes.

The development in distance learning and its increasing reliance on the Internet is having an impact on the public library. Distant learners, studying at home, are likely make use of their local library as their primary source for material. Public libraries play an increasingly important role within the educational network and should provide space and access to materials to meet this demand.

• South Dublin County Library Service, Ireland provides self-learning facilities for adults, including computer-based learning and audio and video based language learning materials. The aim is to provide a neutral and supportive environment in which individuals can learn at their own pace.

3.4.6 Leisure Time Interests

People need information to support their leisure time interests and meeting this need by a range of resources in a variety of formats is another key role of the public library. Public libraries must be aware of the cultural, social and economic changes in the community and develop services which are sufficiently flexible to adjust to these changes. The public library should also help to preserve the culture, history and traditions of the local community and make them readily available.

The public library, by organising activities and exploiting its resources, should encourage artistic and cultural development in people of all ages. The library is also an important social centre for individuals and groups to meet both formally and informally. This is of special importance in communities where other meeting places are not available.

3.4.7 Information Services

The rapid development of information technology has brought a vast amount of information within reach of all those with access to electronic media. Information provision has always been a key role of the public library and the ways in which information can be collected, accessed and presented have changed radically in recent years. The public library has a number of roles in providing information

• Providing access to information at all levels
• Collecting information about the local community and making it readily accessible, often in co-operation with other organisations
• Training people of all ages in the use of information and the associated technology
• Acting as a gateway to the information world by making it accessible to all, thus helping to bridge the gap between "the information rich" and "the information poor".

The dramatic development of the Internet has been largely unstructured and uncontrolled. The vast amount of information that can be accessed via the Internet is of variable quality and accuracy and a key role of the librarian is to guide users to accurate information sources which will meet their requirements.

3.4.8 Services to Community Groups

The public library should be at the centre of the community if it is to play a full part in its activities. It should therefore work with other groups and organisations in the community. This will include departments of government and local government, the business community and voluntary organisations. An analysis of the information needs of these bodies should be conducted, and services provided to meet these needs. Not only will this help the organisations involved it will also demonstrate in a practical way the value of the public library to people in the community who are likely to have some influence on the future of the library service. Many public libraries, for example, provide an information service to local government politicians and staff, giving a practical demonstration of the value of the public library.

• Essex County Library, England creates web sites for voluntary organisations. It makes a small charge, below the commercial level.

3.4.9 Services to Special User Groups

Potential users who, for whatever reason, are unable to use the regular services of the library have a right to equal access to library services. The library should therefore establish ways of making library material and services accessible to these users. These will include

• Special transport e.g. mobile libraries, book-boats and other forms of transport to serve those living in isolated areas
• Services taken to the home of those people who are housebound
• Services for those confined in institutions e.g. prisons and hospitals
• Special equipment and reading materials for those with physical disabilities e.g. hearing impaired and visually impaired people
• Special materials for people with learning difficulties e.g. easy-to-read materials and cassettes
• Services for immigrants and new citizens to help them to find their way within a different society and to provide access to media of their native culture
• Electronic communication e.g. Internet catalogues

Services for people with special needs can be enhanced by the use of new technology e.g. speech synthesizers for the visually impaired, on-line access catalogues for those in isolated areas or unable to leave their home, connections to remote sites for distance learning. Innovative schemes should be developed to exploit the new technology to make the public library's services available to as many people as possible.

Services for ethnic groups in the community and for indigenous peoples should be developed in consultation with the group concerned. They are likely to include

• The employment of staff from the group in the library
• Collections including the native literature of the group and reflecting the oral tradition and non-written knowledge of the people
• The application of special conditions, developed in conjunction with local people, to culturally sensitive material.

Library services can also be provided in a variety of places in the community where people congregate

• Library services are provided at Metro stations in Santiago, Chile.
• Beach libraries are provided in Catalonia, Spain and in Portugal during the summer months
• Many forms of transport are used to deliver library services. Book mobiles are common in many countries. There are book boats in Norway and Indonesia, where bicycles and pedicabs are also used, donkeys in Peru which transport laptop computers as well as books, camels in Kenya and donkey-carts in Zimbabwe.
• In parts of South Africa library services are supplied to informal settlements or squatter areas with no infrastructure. This is done in a variety of ways e.g. from car boots, steel cabinets in clinics, cargo containers, under a tree or by individuals or shops to other members of the community. Block loans are provided to schools and old people's homes and storytelling and school project information is available at after-care centres for children unable to go the library.

3.4.10 Reading Promotion, Information and Literacy

Reading and writing and the ability to use numbers are basic prerequisites to being an integrated and active member of society. Reading and writing are also the basic techniques needed for making use of new communication systems. The public library should support activities, which will enable people to make the best use of modern technology. It should support other institutions, which are combating illiteracy and promoting media competence. It can achieve this by

• promoting reading
• providing appropriate materials for those with poor literacy skills
• working with other agencies in the community involved in combating illiteracy
• participating in campaigns to combat illiteracy and improve numeracy
• organising events to promote an interest in reading, literature and media culture
• promoting and providing training in the use of computer technology
• promoting awareness of new developments in the media market
• helping people to find the information they need in the appropriate format
• co-operating with teachers, parents and other contact persons to help new citizens acquire the necessary educational skills which will help them to manage their lives in the new context.

Public libraries provide a range of creative literature and can use promotional techniques to bring its variety and range to the attention of its users. It can also organise interactive programmes which enable users to exchange views about books they have read.

• An interactive programme developed in Wandsworth, England uses multi-media software to encourage readers to experiment with their reading and engage in dialogue about books they have read.
• Offaly and Limerick County Libraries, Ireland, in partnership with literacy students, tutors, local literacy organisers and the National Adult Literacy Agency, are active agents in literacy provision. They make a wide range of books and other materials available to adult literacy students and their tutors and generally promote a reading culture.

3.5 Customer Care

The policies and procedures of the library should be based on the needs and convenience of the users and not for the convenience of the organisation and its staff. Quality services can only be delivered if the library is sensitive to the needs of its users and shapes its services to meet those needs. Satisfied users are the best advocates of the library service.

The public library should have a positive policy of customer care. This means ensuring that in all policy planning, design of libraries and of systems, preparation of operational procedures and drafting of information and publicity material a positive effect on the user should be a prime objective. The following actions should be elements in a customer care policy

• The image projected by all libraries must be neutral and objective
• Staff should be courteous, friendly, respectful and helpful at all times
• There should be a regular programme of staff training in customer care
• Jargon should be avoided in all forms of communication, verbal and written
• Staff should have a friendly and informative telephone manner
• Methods of communication with the users must be provided, e.g. billboard, bulletins, web-site
• Library services should be properly planned, adequately prepared and reliable
• The design of the library should be as convenient and inviting as possible
• Opening hours should be convenient for the users
• Open public access catalogues should be available on the Internet so that the user can access services from home and outside opening hours
• There should be efficient renewal and reservation services
• Services should be delivered beyond the library building when users' needs require it
• Users should receive a response in the shortest possible time. Letters and other forms of communication should be answered promptly and courteously
• Equipment should be provided to make library use convenient e.g. drop-in boxes for returning materials out of hours; self-service issue and return equipment in the library; answering machines for communicating with the library out of hours
• Where resources allow good quality electronic equipment should be provided in the library including special equipment for the partially sighted and hearing impaired.

3.5.1 User Participation

Customers should be involved in service development

• by asking them through surveys what services they use and require
• by analysing and responding to users' complaints
• by ensuring the input received from users is considered in the development of policy and procedures
• by providing feedback to users about the effects of their input on service development
• by providing suggestion boxes and a complaints procedure.

3.6 User Education

The public library should help its users develop skills which will enable them to make the most effective use of the library's resources and services. Library staff must act as information navigators to help users of all ages make the most effective use of information and communications technology. Programmes of user education should be developed and the library should make every effort to bridge the gap between the information rich and the information poor. As the new technologies become more commonly available the role of the public library both in providing access to these technologies and in helping people learn how to make best use of them is of vital importance.

Guided tours of the library should take place regularly to introduce people to the library building and services and how to use its tools e.g. catalogues and technical equipment. These guided tours have to be carefully planned according to the needs of those taking part. Tours for groups should be organised in co-operation with the institution from which they come.

3.7 Co-operation and Resource Sharing

Overall service to the community is enhanced when libraries develop links for exchanging information, ideas, services and expertise. Such cooperation results in less duplication of service, a combining of resources for maximum effect, and an overall improvement in community services. In addition, individual community members may in some cases be of great assistance in helping the library to carry out special tasks or projects.

3.7.1 Formal Links

The library should establish formal links with other organisations in the local community, e.g. schools, cultural institutions such as museums, galleries and archives, literacy programmes, chambers of commerce or boards of trade, in order to coordinate the resources and efforts of each partner and thereby jointly improve services to the community.

3.7.2 Relations with schools

One of the most important institutional relationships for a public library is that with the local schools and the education system in the service area. Types of linkages and/or forms of cooperation include

• Sharing resources
• Sharing staff training
• Co-operative collection development
• Co-operative programming
• Coordination of electronic services and networks
• Co-operation in the development of learning tools
• Class visits to the public library
• Joint reading and literacy promotion
• Web-awareness for children programme
• Sharing of telecommunications and network infrastructures
• Jointly arranged authors' visits( See IFLA/UNESCO School Library Manifesto)

3.7.3 Resource Sharing

Each library collection is in some degree unique. No collection can contain all the materials that the members of its public require. Libraries therefore can greatly enhance services to their users by providing them with access to the collections of other libraries.

The library should also make its collection available for loan to other libraries through participation in a resource sharing network e.g. in a union catalogue or in a local network of information providers, such as schools, colleges and universities.

3.7.4 Bibliographic Records

The library should classify and catalogue its resources according to accepted international or national bibliographic standards. This facilitates their inclusion in wider networks.

3.7.5 Borrowing from Other Libraries

In order to meet the information needs of users the library should borrow materials from other libraries both within the same organisation and beyond. The library should establish interlending policies which address such issues as

• lending materials to other public libraries
• the type of materials it is prepared to lend or not to lend
• the length of time for which materials will be lent
• when it will request materials from other libraries
• methods of shipment
• how the costs of the service will be met
• action to be taken if materials are lost or damaged.

3.8 Electronic Networks

Public libraries are instruments of equal opportunity and democracy and provide a safety net against alienation and social exclusion from technological advance - a route to universal access and opportunity. The public library is a great equaliser and must reinforce this role by becoming the electronic doorway to information in the digital age. It should enable all citizens to have access to the information, which will enable them to manage their lives at the local level, to acquire essential information about the democratic process and to participate in an increasingly global society.

The library should provide access to the resources of the library and to those of other libraries and information services through the creation, maintenance and/or participation in effective electronic networks at the local, regional, national and increasingly international levels.

• It is planned to introduce a virtual public library in Denmark. It will be possible to gain access to the catalogues of all public libraries plus the biggest research and special libraries. People will be able to order an item from anywhere in the country and collect it at their local library.

3.8.1 User Access

The library should provide free public access to the Internet/World Wide Web to enable all citizens, regardless of economic means, to have access to information available in electronic form. It should have at least one public access work station with Internet access and a printer that is not shared with staff.

3.8.2 Remote Access

The library should exploit information and communications technology to enable the public to gain access to as many of its electronic resources and services as possible from their home, school or workplace. If possible they should be made accessible 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Making the library catalogue available on the Internet increases its accessibility for the public and for other libraries. The quality of service is enhanced when the library forms partnerships with the library and information world beyond the local community.

3.8.3 Staff Access

Library staff should have access to the Internet/World Wide Web to enable them to provide better reference and readers' advisory service to users. Staff should have regular training in using the Internet

3.8.4 Electronic Partnerships.

Public libraries must form part of information networks and contribute to national information policies if they are to fulfil their role as major information providers. The library should participate in local and/or regional initiatives such as community networks, programmes to develop technologically advanced communities, and electronic networks linking two or more separate agencies, where available.

3.8.5 Information Navigator

The public library's role is becoming one of mediator, of being the public's electronic doorway to digital information and of helping citizens cross the "digital divide" to a better future. The librarian's role is increasingly one of "information navigator" ensuring that the user gets accurate and reliable information

3.9 Access to Services

Physical accessibility is one of the major keys to the successful delivery of public library services. Services of high quality are of no value to those who are unable to access them. Access to services should be structured in a way that maximises convenience to users and potential users.

3.9.1 Location of Service Outlets

Public library service outlets should be located for the maximum convenience of residents of the community. If possible they should be near the centre of transport networks and close to areas of community activity e.g. shops, commercial centres, cultural centres. The outlet should be highly visible and easily reached by foot, public transport, where available, or by private vehicle. In well developed urban and suburban areas a public library should be available within a journey by private vehicle of about 15 minutes

3.9.2 Opening Hours

In order to provide the best possible access to the library service, the library must be open at times of maximum convenience to the residents of the community.

3.10 Library Buildings

In general when planning a library, the librarian and governing body should consider the following elements:

• The function of the library
• The size of the library
• Designated spaces
• Design features
• Accessible shelving
• Sign-posting
• The ambience of the library
• Electronic and audio-visual equipment
• Safety
• Parking

3.10.1 The Function of the Library

The library should have adequate space to implement the full range of library services that are consistent with the library's strategic plan and that meet local, area or national standards/guidelines.

3.10.2 The Size of the Library

The amount of floor-space required by a public library depends on the unique needs of the individual community as determined through a community needs assessment and the level of resources available. There is no universal consensus on the space required for a public library. Aids to measurement, based on standards developed in North America are included in an appendix and may be of use in the planning process. (See Appendix 4 Library Buildings-Aids to Measurement).

3.10.3 Designated Spaces

The library should include space for services to adults, children and young adults and for family use. It should aim to provide a range of materials to meet the needs of all groups and individuals in the community. ( See Chapter 4 Collection Development)

The range of functions provided and the space available for each will depend on the size of the library. In planning a new library the following should be considered for inclusion:

• The library collection including: books, periodicals, special collections, sound recordings and video cassettes and other non-print and digital resources
• Reader seating space: for adults, children and young adults to use for leisure reading, serious study, group work and one-one tutoring. Quiet rooms should be provided.
• Outreach services: space should be provided to house special collections and preparation areas for outreach services
• Staff facilities including: work space including desks or PC work stations, rest space for eating and relaxing during breaks and meeting rooms where staff can meet with colleagues and supervisors in private.
• Meeting room space: for large and small community groups. It should have separate access to the washrooms and to the exterior to enable meetings to be held while the library is closed.
• Technology including: public access work stations, printers, CD-ROM stations, copiers, microfilm/fiche readers, public typewriters and facilities for listening to recorded sound.
• Special equipment including: atlas cases, newspaper racks, self-service book circulation, dictionaries, wall mounted display racks, display stands, filing cabinets, map cases etc.
• Circulation space: sufficient space should be provided for ease of circulation by both public and staff. This can be 10%-15% of public areas and 20%-25% in staff areas.
• Building services: space must be allowed for the mechanical services of the library e.g. elevators, heating, ventilation, maintenance, storage of cleaning materials etc.

3.10.4 Design Features

The library should guarantee easy access for all users and in particular persons with physical disabilities. The following features should be included in the planning of a new library:

• The exterior of the library should be well lit and identified with signs clearly visible from the street
• The entrance of the library should be clearly visible and located on that part of the building that most users approach.
• The library should focus on eliminating barriers to use
• There should be no design features that limit the ability of an individual or groups to use any part of the library
• Care should be taken to avoid steps as much as possible in both interior and exterior design
• Lighting levels should comply with those stated in international or national standards
• Libraries that occupy two or more floors should provide elevators that are close to the library entrance and that easily accommodate wheelchairs and child strollers
• Baskets or carts can be provided for users in larger libraries
• The library should provide facilities for the return of library materials when the library is closed. After-hours deposit boxes should be theft and waterproof
• A library should undertake an "accessibility" audit on a regular basis to confirm that there are no barriers to easy use
• Wherever possible, local, national or international standards on making public buildings accessible to the disabled should be followed.

3.10.5 Accessible Shelving

Materials should be displayed in open shelves and arranged at a height within easy reach for users. All shelving should be adjustable and preferably on lockable wheels so that it can easily be moved. The furniture in the children's section should be appropriately sized. Shelves should be of accessible height and width for persons using a wheelchair.

3.10.6 Sign-Posting

The library's exterior signs not only identify the particular function of the building but is the library's most basic form of publicity. Signs should therefore be carefully planned to communicate an appropriate image of the library. Internal areas of the library and parts of the collection should be clearly identified by signs of a professional standard so that users can easily find them e.g. the library catalogue, magazines, reference services, the children's area, washrooms, Internet stations, copy machines etc. Signs should also be posted in Braille where necessary. Where appropriate signs should be provided in languages used by ethnic groups in the community. Talking kiosks could also be considered to help all users find their way in the library. Directional signs should be erected in nearby streets and town centres to guide the public to the library.

3.10.7 The Ambience of the Library

The library should provide a physical setting for the library service that is inviting to the public and that provides

• adequate space to store and display the library collection
• adequate, comfortable and attractive space for the public to make proper and convenient use of the library's services
• sufficient space for the library staff to carry out their duties in an efficient and comfortable setting
• adequate space and flexibility for the future.

The climate of the library should be maintained at a comfortable temperature, using efficient heating and air conditioning. Humidity control helps to protect the stock as well as increasing the comfort of the library.

Larger libraries may include a café open either throughout the opening hours of the library or for special occasions. Such facilities are sometimes contracted out to a commercial provider.

3.10.8 Electronic and AV Equipment

As a major function of the public library is to bridge the gap between the information rich and the information poor, it has also to provide access to the necessary electronic, computer and audiovisual equipment. This will include personal computers with Internet access, public access catalogues (OPAC's) , microform readers, tape recorders, slide projectors and equipment for the visually and physically handicapped. Wiring should be up-to-date and easily accessible for alterations at a later date. It should also be inspected regularly.

3.10.9 Safety

Every effort should be made to ensure that the library is safe for the public and the staff. Smoke and fire alarms should be provided and security protection for staff and resources. The location of fire extinguishers and emergency exits should be clearly marked. Staff should be trained in first aid and first aid supplies made readily available. Evacuation drills should be carried out regularly. The Library Manager in cooperation with the emergency services should prepare a disaster plan to be put into action in the event of a serious incident e.g. fire

3.10.10 Parking

Where users travel to the library in private vehicles there should be sufficient safe and well-lit parking either at or close to the library with appropriately identified spaces for persons with disabilities. If bicycles are a common mode of transport cycle racks should be provided outside the library

Chapter 4. Collection Development

"Specific services and materials must be provided for those users who cannot, for whatever reason, use the regular services and materials, for example linguistic minorities, people with disabilities or people in hospital or prison."

All age groups must find material relevant to their needs.

Collections and services have to include all types of appropriate media and modern technologies as well as traditional materials.

High quality and relevance to local needs and conditions are fundamental. Material must reflect current trends and the evolution of society, as well as the memory of human endeavour and imagination.

"Collections and services should not be subject to any form of ideological, political or religious censorship, nor commercial pressures." (IFLA/UNESCO Public Library Manifesto. 1994)

4.1 Introduction

The public library should provide equality of access to a range of resources that meets the needs of its users for education, information, leisure and personal development. The library should provide access to the heritage of its society and develop diverse cultural resources and experiences. Constant interaction and consultation with the local community will help to ensure this objective is achieved.

4.2 Collection Management Policy

Each public library system requires a written Collection Management Policy, endorsed by the governing body of the library service. The aim of the policy should be to ensure a consistent approach to the maintenance and development of the library collections and access to resources.

It is imperative that collections continue to be developed on an ongoing basis to ensure people have a constant choice of new materials and to meet the demands of new services and of increased use. In the light of today's technological advances, the policy must reflect not only a library's own collections but also strategies for accessing information available throughout the world.

The policy should be based upon library standards developed by professional staff with regard to the needs and interests of the community, and reflecting the diversity of society. The policy should define the purpose, scope and content of the collection, as well as access to external resources.

4.2.1 Content of the Policy

The policy may proceed from statements of universal applicability that are relevant to all library services, through more general statements that are relevant to particular countries, or regions, to statements that are specific to particular library services.

The universal and general statements should form the basis of the policy and could include the following elements

• Universal:
  • Article XIX of the Declaration of Human Rights
  • IFLA statement on freedom of access to information
  • Statements on Intellectual freedom, free access to library collections
  • Freedom of Information
  • Consideration of the International Copyright Convention

• General:
  • Purpose of the collection management policy and its relation to the corporate plan of the library service
  • Long and short term objectives
  • Access strategies
  • History of the collection and/or library service
  • Identification of relevant legislation

• Specific:
  • Analysis of community needs
  • Priorities of the library service
  • Parameters of the collection, including special collections and collections for special needs, such as multi-cultural material, literacy and resources for people with disabilities
  • Selection and discard principles and methods
  • Budget allocation
  • Responsibility within the organisation for collection development, selection and discard
  • Access to electronic resources including on-line access to periodicals, databases and other information sources
  • The role of the library as an electronic gateway to information
  • Co-operative relationships with other libraries and organisations
  • Preservation and conservation policies
  • Auditing requirements - accessioning, recording, control, discard, sale or disposal
  • Financial accountability
  • Donations policy
  • Complaints procedure
  • A resource management plan assessing the current and future needs of the collections.
  • Review and assessment of the policy

This is not an exhaustive list but an indication of some of the issues which may be included.

4.3 Range of Resources

The public library should provide a wide range of materials in a variety of formats and in sufficient quantity to meet the needs and interests of the community. The culture of the local community and society must be reflected in the resource collection. Public libraries must keep abreast of new formats and new methods of accessing information. All information should be as readily available as possible irrespective of format. The development of local information sources and resources is vital.

4.3.1 Collections

The following categories of library materials may be represented in a typical public library, although this list is not exhaustive

• Fiction and non-fiction for adults, young adults and children
• Periodicals
• Local, regional and national newspapers
• Community information
• Government information, including information by and about local administrations
• Business information
• Local history resources
• Genealogical resources
• Resources in the primary language of the community
• Resources in minority languages in the community
• Resources in other languages
• Music scores
• Computer games
• Toys
• Games and puzzles
• Study materials including textbooks

4.3.2 Formats

The following formats may be included in a public library collection although this list is not exhaustive and new formats are continually appearing

• Books, both hard and soft covers
• Pamphlets and ephemera
• Newspapers and periodicals inc. cuttings files
• Digital information through the Internet
• On-line databases
• CD-ROM databases
• Software programmes
• Microforms
• Tapes and CDs
• Digital Versatile Disks (DVD's)
• Videocassettes
• Laser discs
• Large print materials
• Braille materials
• Audio books
• Electronic books
• Posters

4.4 Collection Development

Collections complement services and should not be seen as an end in themselves, unless their specified primary purpose is the preservation and conservation of resources for future generations.

Large collections are not synonymous with good collections, particularly in the new digital world. The relevance of the collection to the needs of the local community is more important than the size of the collection.

Collection size is determined by many factors, including space, financial resources, catchment population of the library, proximity to other libraries, regional role of the collections, access to electronic resources, assessment of local needs, acquisition and discard rates, and policy of stock exchanges with other libraries.

4.4.1 Criteria for Collections

The main criteria for collections should be

• a range of resources which cater for all members of the community
• resources in formats which enable all members of the community to make use of the library service
• inflow of new titles
• inflow of new books
• a wide range of fiction categories and of subject coverage
• provision of non-print resources
• access to external resources such as libraries of other institutions, electronic data bases, local societies, government departments or the community's knowledge of oral cultures
• discard of old, worn and out-dated books, non-print resources and information sources

4.5 Collection Maintenance Principles

Public libraries of any size will contain materials in a variety of formats. Collection maintenance applies equally to all materials whatever their format. Materials on open access should be in good physical condition and contain current information. A smaller, high quality stock will result in more usage than a large stock with a high proportion of old, worn and out-dated books, in which newer titles can be lost among mediocre stock. Using out-dated reference material can result in the user being given inaccurate information.

Materials in electronic formats complement book collections and will replace them in certain areas. Reference works and periodicals on the Internet and on CD's are viable alternatives to printed formats.

4.5.1 Acquisition and Discards

The library collection is a dynamic resource that requires a constant inflow of new material and outflow of old material to ensure that it remains relevant to the community and at an acceptable level of accuracy.

Acquisition rates are more significant than collection size. The acquisition rate is often determined largely by the size of the resource budget. However it can also be affected by other factors e.g. the number of books published in local languages, the population served, the multicultural and linguistic diversity, age distribution of the population, access to on line information and special needs such as people with disabilities or older persons. The size and quality of the stock should reflect the needs of the community.

4.5.2 Reserve Stocks

It may be necessary to maintain a collection of books not on open access. This should only contain books, which have a current or future use and which cannot be replaced or found in any other format. This may include special subject collections, which are used on a regular if limited basis and out-of-print fiction. Books, which contain out-dated information or are in poor condition and can be replaced, should be discarded and not held in a reserve stock. In some cases it is efficient to maintain a co-operative reserve with other libraries. The maintenance of a reserve stock should be a regular and on-going activity. The availability of a wide range of information on the Internet and electronic data bases reduces the need for public libraries to keep extensive reserve stocks.

4.5.3 Interlending

No library or library service can be self-sufficient in stock, and an efficient and effective inter-library loan system should be an essential part of every public library service. Within a library service with several outlets a regular programme of exchange of stock between libraries makes maximum use of the stock and provides users with a greater variety of titles from which to choose.

4.6 Standards for Book Collections

The following proposed standards relate to book collections. Local and financial circumstances could lead to variations in these proposed standards. Where resources are severely limited these may be regarded as target figures and medium and long- term strategies should be developed to work towards achieving these standards in the future.

• As a general guide an established book collection should be between 1.5 to 2.5 books per capita.
• The minimum stock level for the smallest service point should not be less than 2500 books.

In the smallest collections materials for children, adult fiction and adult non-fiction may be provided in equal proportions. In larger collections the percentage of non-fiction titles will tend to increase. These ratios can vary according to the needs of the local community and the role of the public library. Relevant collections to serve the needs of young adults should be developed (See IFLA Guidelines for Library Services to Young Adults). Where the library has a strong educational role this is likely to be reflected in the composition of the stock.

Where reliable population figures are not available alternative methods of developing standards are needed. The estimated size of the community served, the size of the library, and the number of current and anticipated users can be used as a basis for developing standards for the size of the collection. Comparisons with a number of existing libraries serving communities of a similar size and make-up can be used to determine a target figure for the size of the collection and the resources needed to maintain it.

4.7 Standards for Electronic Information Facilities

The development of standards for the provision of electronic information facilities is at an early stage. Current standards include the following:

• A standard of one computer access point per 5,000 population has been used in Canada
• A recently developed standard in England recommends that the total number of work stations, including those for on-line catalogues, which are available for public use, should not be less than 0.7 per 1000 population
• In Queensland, Australia it is recommended that the following be provided
  • For populations up to 50,000 - I Personal Computer (PC) per 5,000 population
  • For populations over 50,000 - 1PC per 5,000 population for 50,000 population and 1 PC per each additional 10,000 population.
  • These standards recommend that at least half the public PC's should have access to the Internet and all should have access to a printer.

4.8 Collection Development Programme for New Libraries

An assessment is required of the population demographics in the catchment areas of proposed new library developments to determine the initial mix of collections. The development of local and regional standards should be undertaken to take account of variations in the catchment population to be served by the new library.

4.8.1 Establishment Phase

A basic collection should be established in new libraries to serve the needs of the general population within the catchment area. A sufficient range and depth of resources to meet general needs should be the aim at this stage rather than comprehensive coverage. The inter-library loan system should be at its peak utilisation during this phase to supplement the developing collections. Ideally a new library should be established with a minimum base stock of 1.0 books per capita. Where this is not achievable a modest growth plan should be implemented to establish this minimum base stock over a period three years. Access to electronic information sources should also be included in this phase of development.

4.8.2 Consolidation Phase

The objective under this phase is to achieve growth in the bookstock size, range and depth. Special conditions of the population are taken into account and collections developed to meet the more in-depth needs of the population served. The book discard factor comes into play and the collection growth rate decreases as discards begin to offset acquisitions. A growth to 2.0 books per capita would be a modest target over a three year period.

4.8.3 Steadystate Phase

The collections meet the needs of the community in depth, range and quantity. The quality of collections is maintained by acquisition rates matching discard rates. New formats are accommodated within the collections as they become available and access is provided to the widest possible range of resources through the use of technology.

4.8.4 Content Creation

The service becomes a content creator and a preserver of local community resources. Content creation includes publication of information booklets and the development of web content by providing access to information about the library or held by the library in printed formats. This positions the library as an electronic gateway by the creation of links to useful web pages.

4.9 Acquisition and Discard Rates

For general bookstock in an established library service the following acquisition rates may be applied:

The following examples suggest the size of stock for communities of different sizes.

Scenario 1
Established library service serving 100 000 population
Median book stock of 200,000 volumes
Annual acquisition rate of 20,000 volumes

Scenario 2
Established library service serving 50 000 population
Median book stock of 100,000 volumes
Annual acquisition rate of 11,250 volumes

Scenario 3
Established library service serving 20,000 population
Median book stock of 40,000 volumes
Annual acquisition rate of 5,000 volumes

4.9.1 Small Libraries and Mobile Libraries

The general acquisition rates would be inadequate to meet the needs of small libraries and mobile libraries where stock numbers are limited. All libraries require a certain minimum stock in order to provide a sufficient range of books from which users may make their selection. The acquisition rate of 250 books per 1000 population may not be relevant in the smallest service points where physical limitations may reduce stock levels to below the minimum recommended level of 2500 volumes. In these cases the acquisition rates, renewal rates or exchange rates should be based upon the collection size rather than the population served, and be in the order of 100% or more per annum. An efficient inter-library loan system is essential in these situations ( See IFLA Mobile Library Guidelines).

4.9.2 Special Collections

General acquisition and discard rates may not be relevant to some parts of the collection or to particular special collections or where special circumstances prevail. In these cases the collection policy must reflect the special needs. Particular examples of these exceptions are

• Indigenous resources - the public library has a role in maintaining and promoting collections of resources related to the culture of indigenous people and ensuring access to them
• Local history resources - material relating to the history of the locality should be actively collected, preserved and made available
• Libraries in communities with a high proportion of particular groups e.g. children, retired people, young adults, indigenous peoples, ethnic minorities or unemployed people should reflect the needs of these groups in their collections and services
• Reference collections - older reference material may need to be retained to provide historical data for research.

Chapter 5. Human Resources

"The public library has to be organised effectively and professional standards of operation must be maintained".

"The librarian is an active intermediary between users and resources. Professional and continuing education of the librarian is indispensable to ensure adequate services." (IFLA/UNESCO Public Library Manifesto. 1994)

5.1 Introduction

Staff are a vitally important resource in the operation of a library. Staff expenses normally represent a high proportion of a library's budget. In order to provide the best possible service to the community it is necessary to maintain well trained and highly motivated staff to make effective use of the resources of the library to meet the demands of the community . Staff should be available in sufficient numbers to carry out these responsibilities.

The management of library staff is itself an important task. All staff should have a clear understanding of the policy of the library service, well defined duties and responsibilities, properly regulated conditions of employment and salaries which are competitive with other similar jobs.

5.2 The Skills of Library Staff

The public library is a service aimed at all members of the community who will have varied and changing needs. Public library staff will require a range of skills and qualities, including inter-personal skills, social awareness, teamwork and leadership and competence in the practices and procedure of the organisation. The fundamental qualities and skills required of public library staff can be defined as:

• The ability to communicate positively with people
• The ability to understand the needs of users
• The ability to co-operate with individuals and groups in the community
• Knowledge and understanding of cultural diversity
• Knowledge of the material which forms the library's collection and how to access it
• An understanding of and sympathy with the principles of public service
• The ability to work with others in providing an effective library service
• Organising skills with the flexibility to identify and implement changes
• Imagination, vision and openness to new ideas and practice
• Readiness to change methods of working to meet new situations
• Knowledge of information and communications technology

5.3 Staff Categories

The following categories of staff are found in public libraries:

• qualified librarians
• library assistants
• specialist staff
• support staff

In some countries there is an additional category of library technician with an intermediate level of qualifications.

Staff in all categories may be appointed on either a full-time or part-time basis.

5.3.1 Qualified Librarians

Qualified librarians are professional staff who have undertaken a course of study in librarianship and information studies to degree or post-graduate level. A librarian designs, plans, organises, implements, manages and evaluates library and information services and systems to meet the needs of the users of library and information services in the community. This will include collection development, the organisation and exploitation of resources, the provision of advice and assistance to users in finding and using information and the development of systems which will facilitate access to the library's resources. Qualified librarians will have regular contact with members of the community that they serve. In order to fulfil its functions staff with expertise in specific areas e.g. children's libraries, information officers and reference librarians should form part of the professional team.

The following is a list of some of the duties of the qualified librarian. This list is not exhaustive nor is it likely that the qualified librarian will undertake all these activities simultaneously.

• Analysing the resource and information needs of the community
• Formulating and implementing policies for service development
• Planning services to the public and participating in their delivery
• Answering reference and information enquiries using appropriate material
• Assisting users in the use of library resources and information
• Developing services to meet the needs of special groups e.g. children
• Creating and maintaining data bases to meet the needs of the library and its users
• Designing library and information services and systems to meet the needs of the public
• Developing acquisition policies and systems for library resources
• Managing and administering library and information systems
• Cataloguing and classification of library materials
• Promoting library services
• Evaluating library services and systems and measuring their performance
• Selecting, evaluating, managing and training staff
• Budgeting
• Strategic planning
• Keeping up-to-date with current developments in librarianship and information services, particularly electronic information resources.

5.3.2 Library Assistants

The duties of the library assistant include routine circulation functions and operational library tasks such as shelving, shelf-checking, processing library materials, data entry, filing, secretarial support and basic level reader enquiry work. Library assistants are the staff the public will come into contact with most frequently. It is essential, therefore, that they should have a high level of interpersonal and communication skills.

5.3.3 Specialist Staff

Large public library services may employ specialist staff to carry out specific functions e.g. computer system managers, administrative, financial, training and marketing staff. Specialist staff may have a qualification in their specialism rather than in librarianship.

5.3.4 Support Staff

Support staff include caretakers, cleaners, drivers and security staff. They carry out important functions which contribute to the smooth operation of the library service. They should be regarded as an integral part of the library's staff.

5.4 Ethical Standards

Public library staff have a responsibility to maintain high ethical standards in their dealings with the public, other members of staff and external organisations. All members of the public should be dealt with on an equal basis and every effort must be made to ensure that information provided is as full and accurate as possible. Librarians must be sure not to allow their personal attitudes and opinions to determine which members of the public are served and what materials are selected and displayed. The public must have confidence in the impartiality of the library staff if the library is to meet the needs of all members of the community. Library associations in some countries have developed codes of ethics, which can be used as models to introduce similar codes elsewhere.

5.5 The Duties of Library Staff

The operation of a library should be a team effort with a close working relationship between all members of staff. It is important, however, that staff are used primarily for tasks related to their skills and qualifications. It is a wasteful use of scarce resources, for example for qualified librarians to regularly carry out routine circulation functions. For the same reason it is not necessary to have a qualified librarian in every library regardless of size or circulation rate. Small libraries open for limited hours do not require the continuous presence of a qualified librarian. They should however be under the supervision of a member of the qualified staff. All staff should have a written contract at the time of their appointment, which clearly states their duties and responsibilities. These should not be changed without consulting the member of staff involved.

5.6 Staffing Levels

The number of staff required in each library service will be affected by a number of factors e.g. the number of library buildings, the size and layout of library buildings, the number of departments within each building, services provided beyond the library and requirements for specialist staff. The level of available resources is also a critical factor. Allowing for these and other local differences the following basic staffing level (excluding support staff) is recommended:

• One full-time equivalent member of staff for 2 500 population
• One-third of staff (excluding support staff) should be qualified librarians.

These are basic recommended levels, which will be affected by local circumstances. Where reliable population figures are not available staffing levels can be related to the size of the library, the range of its functions and the number of users. Another method of developing an appropriate staffing level for a library service is to carry out benchmarking with libraries of comparative size and similar characteristics.

5.7 Education of Librarians

Qualified librarians will have undertaken a degree or post-graduate course in librarianship and information studies at a school of librarianship. To ensure that they remain in touch with the latest developments librarians should maintain a process of continuing professional development on a formal and informal basis. It is important that public librarians maintain close links with the school of librarianship in their country and are fully aware of course content. Whenever possible they should participate in the work of the school e.g. by contributing lectures, assisting in interviewing of prospective students and other appropriate forms of cooperation.

5.8 Training

Training is a vital element of the activities of a public library. There must be a planned and continuous programme of training for staff at all levels which should include both full-time and part-time staff. The rapid developments in information technology make the need for regular training even more essential, and the importance of networking and access to other information sources should be included in training programmes. In budgeting for the implementation of new systems, an element should be included for training. In large library services a post of Training Officer should be created to plan and implement the training programme. To ensure funds are available for training a set percentage of the budget should be earmarked for this function.

• It is recommended that 0.5% - 1 % of the total library budget should be earmarked for training purposes.

This level of funding for training should be maintained at times of budget reductions as the need for a well-trained staff is very important in such circumstances.

5.8.1 Mentoring

An effective and economical method of training is to introduce a system of mentoring. New staff work with a more experienced colleague who provides guidance and training. The mentor should be able to advise the new member of staff about issues relating to their work and employment. A check list of the training provided by the mentor should be maintained to ensure that it is carried out effectively.

5.8.2 Contacts

In addition to in-service training staff should be given the opportunity to attend short courses and conferences relevant to their ability to do their work. They should be encouraged to be active members of the relevant library association as this creates links with other library staff and provides opportunities for an exchange of ideas and experience. It may also be possible to arrange staff exchanges with staff in other libraries either in the same country or in a similar library in another country, which can be a valuable experience for all those involved.

5.9 Career Development

In order to motivate and retain skilled staff opportunities for career development should be available at all levels. If possible there should be separate career ladders for staff in different categories but when this cannot be achieved opportunities for career progress should be available to all staff. A scheme of performance appraisal should be in place that provides staff with an evaluation of current performance and guidance in improving and developing their skills. It also presents an opportunity to review career progression.

5.10 Working Conditions

All library staff should have satisfactory working conditions and the conditions of employment should be clearly stated in the contract given to the new member of staff when they are employed. Salaries should be at a level appropriate to the level of work being undertaken and competitive with other similar jobs in the community.

5.10.1 Health and Safety.

The health and safety of staff must receive priority treatment and policies and procedures be put in place to reduce risks. Consideration should be given to

• good working conditions for staff
• ergonomically designed furniture and equipment
• availability of technical aids for employees with special needs and disabilities
• the drawing up of evacuation plans and their testing on a regular basis
• identified health and safety risks being rectified at the earliest opportunity
• ensuring that all equipment and cabling conforms with recognised safety standards
• the establishment of a staff health and safety committee
• appointment and training of staff as first aid officers and fire wardens
• provision of safety devices for staff, particularly when staff work at nights or away from the library
• providing advanced driver training for staff who drive library vehicles
• protective clothing when required
• limiting the weight of cartons and loads on book trolleys.

Public libraries are often open for long hours including evening and weekend working. In creating work schedules for staff every effort should be made to ensure their working hours provide them with adequate time off at appropriate times for social activity. It is vital that good labour relations are maintained and fostered with staff.

5.10.2 Anti-Social Behaviour

In any building freely accessible to the public, staff will occasionally encounter users who behave in an unpleasant and anti-social manner. Staff should be trained in how to deal with such situations and have alarm systems which can alert other staff. Senior staff should be immediately available to assist staff and full records of such occurrences should be kept.

5.11 Volunteers

Where a library uses volunteer help from individuals in the community to assist library staff a written policy should be in place defining the tasks of these volunteers and their relationship to the library operation and staff. Volunteers should not be used as a substitute for paid staff.

Chapter 6. The Management and Marketing of Public Libraries

"A clear policy must be formulated defining objectives, priorities and services in relation to the local community needs. The public library has to be organised effectively and professional standards of operation must be maintained". (IFLA/UNESCO Public Library Manifesto.1994)

6.1 Introduction

A successful public library is a dynamic organisation working with other institutions and individuals to provide a range of library and information services to meet the needs the varied and changing needs of the community. To be effective it requires experienced, flexible and well-trained managers and staff able to use a range of management techniques. This chapter deals with the key elements of public library management.

6.2 Management Skills

Management of a public library involves a number of different skills:

• Leadership and motivation
• Maintaining effective relationships with governing and funding bodies
• Planning and policy development
• Building and maintaining networks with other organisations
• Budget negotiations and management
• Management of library resources
• Staff management
• Planning and development of library systems
• The management of change
• Marketing and promotion
• Community liaison and lobbying.

6.2.1 Leadership and Motivation

The Library Manager has a vital role in advocating the value of public libraries as an integral part of an international, national and local infrastructure. He/she must promote public libraries to politicians and key stakeholders at all levels in order to ensure they are aware of the importance of public libraries and to attract adequate funding for their maintenance and development. The Library Manager must ensure that governing authorities are informed of new developments that may impact on public library services and that the library service is a key player in providing access to the delivery of new services.

The Library Manager is responsible for the motivation of staff and bringing energy, vitality and strength into the library service and its staff. The manager also plays a key role in managing the development of physical facilities and ensuring that the most effective use is made of resources, including information technology to enable the library service to meet the library and information needs of the community.

6.2.2 Relationships with Governing and Funding Bodies

To achieve its goals the public library needs adequate and sustained funding. It is very important that the Library Manager establishes and maintains a close and positive relationship with the bodies that govern the library service and provide its funding. The Library Manager as head of the public library service should have direct access to and involvement with the board or committee, which is directly responsible for the library service. As well as formal meetings there should be regular informal contacts between the Library Manager and members of the governing board and they should be kept well informed about the library service and current and future developments.

6.2.3 Planning and Policy Development

Planning ensures that:

• the library responds to the needs of the community
• the governing body, management and staff understand what the library is trying to achieve
• community funds are spent in an effective and responsible manner